a.Ornatoraphidia flavilabris, larva. Italy, Calabria, Sila Grande. Foto: F. Anderle, now Denner; b.Phaeostigma (Graecoraphidia) d. divina, ♂. Greece, Viotia, Parnassos. Foto: P. Sehnal; c.Phaeostigma (Graecoraphidia) d. divina, ♀. Greece, Viotia, Parnassos. Foto: P. Sehnal; d.Phaeostigma (Crassoraphidia) cyprica, ♂. Cyprus, Troodos Mountain. Foto: H. Aspöck; e.Phaeostigma (Magnoraphidia) major, ♂. Lower Austria, Dürnstein. Foto: H. Bruckner; f.Phaeostigma (Magnoraphidia) major; ♀. Lower Austria, Dürnstein. Foto: H. Bruckner; g.Phaeostigma (Magnoraphidia) major, larva. Lower Austria, Eichkogel near Mödling. Foto: H. Bruckner; h.Phaeostigma (Magnoraphidia) flammi, larva. Greece, Pilion. Foto: H. Bruckner.

a.Ornatoraphidia flavilabris, larva. Italy, Calabria, Sila Grande. Foto: F. Anderle, now Denner; b.Phaeostigma (Graecoraphidia) d. divina, ♂. Greece, Viotia, Parnassos. Foto: P. Sehnal; c.Phaeostigma (Graecoraphidia) d. divina, ♀. Greece, Viotia, Parnassos. Foto: P. Sehnal; d.Phaeostigma (Crassoraphidia) cyprica, ♂. Cyprus, Troodos Mountain. Foto: H. Aspöck; e.Phaeostigma (Magnoraphidia) major, ♂. Lower Austria, Dürnstein. Foto: H. Bruckner; f.Phaeostigma (Magnoraphidia) major; ♀. Lower Austria, Dürnstein. Foto: H. Bruckner; g.Phaeostigma (Magnoraphidia) major, larva. Lower Austria, Eichkogel near Mödling. Foto: H. Bruckner; h.Phaeostigma (Magnoraphidia) flammi, larva. Greece, Pilion. Foto: H. Bruckner.

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The Mediterranean region representsone of the hotspots of biodiversity of many organisms and among these also of Raphidioptera. With about 250 known species world-wide Raphidioptera is the smallest order of extant holometabolous insects. The Mediterranean region harbors 113 species (= >45% of the world fauna), and of these 33 (= >13% of the world f...

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... Extant Raphidioptera only contain two families, i.e., Raphidiidae Latreille 1810and Inocelliidae Navás 1913(Aspöck 2002Grimaldi and Engel 2005;Engel et al. 2006;Jepson and Jarzembowski 2008). Recent snakeflies are arboreal, being found only in the Northern Hemisphere, with a developmental precondition of a decreased temperature during winter, while the fossil records also occurred in tropical zones and the Southern Hemisphere (Aspöck et al. 1991(Aspöck et al. , 2018Aspöck 2002;Grimaldi and Engel 2005;Jepson and Jarzembowski 2008;Aspöck and Aspöck 2023). ...
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