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a-f. Light micrographs of taxa of Dictyosphaerium and Quadricoccus taxa. 3a, b. Dictyosphaerium tetrachotomum. 3c, d. Dictyosphaerium cf. subsolitarium. 3e, f. Quadricoccus ellipticus. Scale bars = 5 ¡1m.
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In samples collected between April 2004 and August 2006 from shallow lakes and reservoirs in southern Spain some noteworthy planktonic green algae of the family Botryococcaceae (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) were found. A new species, Lobocystis inconspicua sp. nov., is described and taxonomic comments on some members of the family Botryococcaceae...
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... The original community of microorganisms (algal bloom) was also kept in sterile media and renewed every two weeks. The identification of the strains was performed by microscopy, at the level of genus, according to Fanés et al. [18], Bicudo and Menezes [19], and González [20]. ...
Effluents from municipal wastewater treatment have been long recognised as suitable media for the cultivation of microalgae biomass. However, few studies report data concerning biomass productivity in continuous reactors using unsterilised wastewater effluents. This study focuses on indigenous microalgae strains that grow with native bacteria and are applicable for biomass production and tertiary wastewater treatment in continuous growth mode. Initially, five Chlorophyta strains were isolated and grown in batch mode to single out a potential inoculum for the experiments in continuous growth mode. The isolate Chlorella sp. L06 was selected and evaluated based on five dilution rates from 0.1 to 0.5 day⁻¹ on continuous growth reactor using unsterilised secondary effluent as culture medium. Maximal volumetric biomass productivity of 283 mg L⁻¹ day⁻¹ was achieved at 0.3 day⁻¹ without CO2 addition or air bubbling. Carbohydrates were the major fraction of the dried biomass, followed by proteins and then lipids. The highest removal rates of total nitrogen and phosphorus from the liquid phase were 13.0 and 1.4 mg L⁻¹ day⁻¹, respectively, and were obtained at 0.4 day⁻¹. The maximal decay rate for E. coli (2.9 day⁻¹) was achieved both at 0.3 and 0.4 day⁻¹. Conclusively, Chlorella sp. L06 cultivation in unsterilised secondary effluent can be adjusted depending on the objective: for biomass production, a dilution rate of approximately 0.3 day⁻¹ is recommended; and for tertiary treatment a rate of 0.4 day⁻¹ is suggested.
... Therefore, the meaning of Fott (1975) is still accepted (Comas & Perez 2002). Subsequently, apart from the type species, four extra recognisable species were proposed into Lobocystis (Izaguirre 1991;Comas & Perez 2002;Stoyneva 2008;Fanés et al. 2009). The phylogenetic position of Lobocystis has not been studied up to now. ...
Members of Quadricoccus–like algae are characterized by oval to ellipsoid cells adherent to the bowl–shaped or stretched, empty mother cell walls and are common in phytoplankton of inland waters. To date, the morphologically similar genera Quadricoccus and Lobocystis are accepted for this group and the former had been phylogenetic positioned in Oocystaceae. In this study, seven strains of Quadricoccus–like algae were identified and successfully cultured in the laboratory. Light and electron microscope observations and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strains represent three different species within a new genus, described here as Quadricoccopsis gen. nov. It differed from genus Quadricoccus by characteristically cell adherent mode that two pairs of daughter cells connected to the mother cell remnant respectively by the pole and median portion and distinguished from Lobocystis by variable 2–4–8 autospores, characteristically cell adherent mode and only found in limnetic water. The three new species, described here as Q. simplex, Q. parva and Q. glomerata, differed in cell size, colony morphology and autospore number. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the genus Quadricoccopsis in Oocystaceae and a close relationship with Oocystidium, which is far away from the phylogenetic position of Quadricoccus in one of the granulated clades. The Quadricoccus–like algae were, therefore, proved to be a para-phyly. Furthermore, apart from Planctonema–like algae, the Oocystaceae characteristic cell wall ultrastructure, which is multi–layered with cellulose fibrils in each layer perpendicular to those of the adjoining layer, is not shown again in genus Quadricoccopsis. Different cell wall substructures may be related to the colony formation mechanism. Whether the ultrastructure criterion is applied to all the Oocystaceae needs to be re–evaluated and, further, the definition of this family should be discussed.
... The species were identified according to their morphological characteristics observed with the aid of an optical microscope, based on images and information from microalgae databases, e.g. Algae base, Culture Collection of Autotrophic Organisms, Online Bookstore, and literature references (Round et al., 1990;Komárek and Marvan, 1992;Comas, 1996;Bicudo, 2006, 2008;Fanés et al., 2009;Godinho et al., 2010;Mendes et al., 2012;Ramos et al., 2012). ...
The great biodiversity of the Serra da Bodoquena is the result of years of biological evolution. A complex combination of natural factors allows aquatic plants, fish and invertebrates to coexist in absolutely crystalline water springs. Together, organisms form an intricate web of life, connecting a single-celled microalga with large river predators. For better knowledge of the biodiversity of microalgae, an important tool is the bioprospecting and study of novel species, avoiding as much as possible the introduction of exotic species. Thus, the aim of this work was bioprospecting microalgae species from Bonito, MS, Brazil, in order to obtain more information about the local microbial biodiversity. Freshwater samples were collected from two lakes of the municipality. The samples were plated in Basic Basal medium added of bacteriological agar. After plating, the samples were kept in a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) oven at 25ºC with photoperiod for growth. After isolation of the obtained colonies, the identification of the species was carried out according to the morphological characteristics of cells. Despite the long periods for adaptation, seven microalgae taxa were successfully isolated from the samples collected, four at the genus level and three at the species level; one from the Trebouxiophyceae class, five from the Chlorophyceae class and one from the Bacillariophyceae class.
... Una consecuente estrategia propuesta en particular para las cianobacterias (Hoffmann et al. 2005, Turicchia et al. 2009); pero que puede ser extendida a los diferentes phyla de las verdaderas algas, son los denominados estudios polifásicos, donde el conocimiento de la variabilidad fenotípica constituye una parte importante En muchos casos se reconocen morfo-especies que, con frecuencia, se distinguen como entidades ecológicamente importantes (Fanés et al. 2009). ...
This paper is based on optical microscopy observations of phytoplankton
samples collected from few water reservoirs at the shrimp
cultures (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) of Cultisur Enterprise,
SE of Cuba. After further studies three species were studied,
which were not found in Cuba before: Strombomonas borysteniensis
(Roll) Popova (Euglenophyceae) and two cyanobacteria forming
typical cyanobacterial water blooms: Anabaenopsis elenkinii
Miller and a species of Glaucospira Lagerheim.The present paper
offers descriptions and taxonomical comments about these species.
... Ecology and Distribution: Freshwater species; Asia: China (Hu and Wei 2006), Russia (Far East) (Medvedeva and Nikulina 2014); North America: Great Lakes (Prescott 1962); South America: Brazil (Freitas and Loverde-Oliveira 2013); Europe: Baltic Sea (Hällfors 2004), Black Sea (BSPC Editorial Board 2014), Britain (John and Tsarenko 2002, Whitton et al. 2003, John et al. 2011, Romania (Caraus 2002(Caraus , 2012, Spain (Fanés Treviño et al. 2009, Pérez et al. 2010. ...
... In this study, the cell size is 4-5.6 μm in length and 2.1-4.3 μm in width, similar to that reported by Hindák (1977) (3-5 × 2-3 μm) and Printz (1914) (6.5-8.5 × 4.5 μm). Ecology and Distribution: Freshwater species; Europe: Baltic Sea (Hällfors 2004), Britain (John and Tsarenko 2002, Whitton et al. 2003, John et al. 2011, Romania (Caraus 2002(Caraus , 2012, Spain (Cambra Sánchez et al. 1998, Fanés Treviño et al. 2009, Pérez et al. 2009. ...
In this study, we collected, identified, and cultured phytoplankton that inhabited the small-scale artificial wetlands in Danyang-gun of Chungcheungbuk-do and Suwon-si of Gyeonggi-do. From the study, nine newly recorded species, including four genera (Mychonastes, Willea, Hindakia, and Oocystella), were found in Korea: Choricystis guttula, Mychonastes densus, Willea apiculata, Pseudokirchneriella elongata, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Hindakia tetrachotoma, Oocystella nephrocytioides, Oocystis bispora, and Oocystis ecballocystiformis. The morphological characteristics of the nine taxa identified in this study were mostly similar to previously reported characteristics. However, Oocystella nephrocytioides were smaller than previously recorded, while Choricystis guttula and Mychonastes densus were larger than previously recorded.
... According to Komárek and Marvan (1992), the distinctive morphological feature of B. terribilis colonies is the presence of " short or long, simple or irregularly branched gelatinous processes " emerging from the periphery of the colonies. This species was signaled in Cuba (Komárek and Marvan 1992; Comas 1996), Brazil (Nogueira and Oliveira 2009; Rodrigues et al. 2010; de Queiroz Mendes et al. 2012; Nascimento et al. 2013), Spain (Fanés Treviño et al. 2009), Sweden, Austria, Chad, and Czech Republic (Komárek and Marvan 1992). In a recent study, de Queiroz Mendes et al. (2012) outlined the morphological and ultrastructural characters of a newly isolated strain of B. terribilis (FW-15) which agree in general aspects with the original description of Komárek and Marvan (1992) and with other strains belonging to B. braunii species (Wolf and Cox 1981; Berkaloff et al. 1984; Largeau et al. 1980b; Casadevall et al. 1985; Metzger and Largeau 2005; Weiss et al. 2012). ...
Abstract Botryococcus braunii is a green unicellular
microalga with a unique potential to produce large quantities
of hydrocarbons similar to fossil fuel. Up to now, B. braunii is
the most studied species of the Botryococcus genus. The
taxonomic affiliation of eight different strains of the genus
Botryococcus collected from freshwaters of Transylvania was
investigated based on their morphological characteristics and
molecular profile using small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) genes and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2)
sequence-structure analysis. The phylogenetic inference using
ITS2 sequence-structure molecular marker, an approach addressed
for the first time in the issue of Botryococcus genus
phylogeny, generated similar results with the 18S rRNA gene
based analysis. In both phylogenetic trees we constructed, the
sequences of our strains formed an independent cluster within
the B-race clade. Based on the phylogenetic data and the
presence of long mucilaginous processes which emerged from
the periphery of the colonies, we established the affiliation of our strains to Botryococcus terribilis species. Detailed analyses
regarding the growth performances, ultrastructural characteristics,
and hydrocarbon and fatty acid profiles were also
included in our study. The micrographs obtained in scanning
electron, transmission electron, and light microscopies
showed a high degree of similarity to other strains affiliated
to the B chemical race. Also, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
assay showed for the first time the ability of
B. terribilis strains to synthesize C30–C32 botryococcenes,
which are known to be specific to the B-type Botryococcus
strains.
... As the knowledge of these unicellular organisms is greater, data on distribution patterns are available. This is the case for Botryococcus terribilis, a species that is most likely linked to warm waters from Southern Spain and to tropical/ subtropical waters from Central and South America (Fanés Treviño et al., 2009). Endemisms linked to specific areas, such as Friedmannia israeliensis known only in Israel (Nevo & Wasser, 2000) and Spain, are rare among unicellular species. ...
We review the diversity of freshwater organisms in the Mediterranean Basin (hereafter Med), particularly from streams and rivers. We present available information on the richness, endemicity, and distribution of each freshwater organism group within the Med, and make a comparison with Palearctic diversity. Approximately 35% of known Palearctic freshwater species and more than 6% of the World’s freshwater species are present in the Med. A high degree of endemicity is found in the Med freshwater biota. These data, together with the degree to which many freshwater species are threatened, support the inclusion of the Med among World biodiversity hotspots. Nevertheless, knowledge of Med biodiversity is still incomplete, particularly for some taxa. Regarding to the spatial distribution of species within the Med, the richest area is the North, although patterns differ among groups. A comparison of the ecological and biological traits of endemic and non-endemic species of three riverine groups (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) revealed that endemic species have several strategies and mechanisms to face typical mediterranean-climate conditions, such as drought, when compared to non-endemic species. We briefly analyse the conservation status of the region’s biodiversity. Finally, we present some future challenges regarding the knowledge and protection of Med freshwater biodiversity.
... The figures provided by Plain et al. (1993) were exclusively those of B. braunii. This study did not include any of the new Komárek & Marvan (1992) such as B. terribilis that has been shown to be very common in freshwater phytoplankton of diverse climatic regions (Krienitz et al., 1996b;Ballot et al., 2009;Fanés Treviño et al., 2009). The conversion of the braunii-morphotype into the terribilis-morphotype and vice versa was never demonstrated. ...
This review discusses the main developments in the systematics of coccoid green algae over the last three decades. The relationships of key groups of planktonic coccoid green algae are shown in the phylogenetic trees of Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae. The trees clearly show that the morphology of these algae do not adequately reflect their phylogenetic position. Different phylogenetic species can be hidden under one and the same morphotype. As most of the genera have a polyphyletic origin, they are in need of a systematic re-evaluation. Species classification using the phylogenetic species concept resulted in the establishment of new genera with smaller numbers of species and the description of new species that are not distinguishable by light microscopy. An overview of genera is given in tables and the revised designations of species as contained in the harmonized taxon list of the European Water Framework Directive lists is provided. In this transitional phase from an artificial to a more natural systematics of algae, field biologists and ecologists as well as molecular biologists must strengthen their interdisciplinary cooperation. The alignment of eco-functional groups of algae with true species identities using the barcoding conception will provide a better understanding of the interaction between organisms and their environment.
... Several taxonomic contributions published since 1990 include those of Hindák (1991), Komárková (1991), Komárek and Marvan (1992), Comas and Pérez Baliero (2002), Koreiviené andKasperoviciene (2003) andFanés Treviño et al. (2009). However, the publication of Komárek and Marvan (1992) is the only world monograph of the genus. ...
... Botryococcus terribilis described by Komárek and Marvan (1992) is one of the most frequent species found in Cuba (Comas 1996) and southern Spain (Fanés Treviño et al. 2009). The climate characteristics in the regions where this species has been found indicate a tropical distribution. ...
... The full inclusion of cells within the colony is a distinctive characteristic of the species B. terribilis, according to Komárek and Marvan (1992); however, in the Brazilian and Cuban populations observed by A.A. Comas (unpublished data) and in southern Spain (Fanés Treviño et al. 2009), very often the colonies have the apical parts of their cells emerging to 1 ⁄ 3 of the cell length. However, in most colonies the cells are covered by the colonial matrix. ...
The genus Botryococcus comprises a group of cosmopolitan species of freshwater colonial green algae, some of which synthesize and accumulate an unusually high level (15–76%) of liquid hydrocarbons. This characteristic suggests the possibility of exploiting species from this group as renewable sources for jet fuel. An oil‐rich strain of Botryococcus (Trebouxiophyceae) was isolated from a freshwater pond in the state of Bahia, Brazil, and is presently maintained under standard conditions at the Culture Collection of the Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia. The taxonomic classification of the species was based on light microscopy (LM); and TEM and SEM were used to better characterize its features, which have never before been described at this level. The LM characterization included the size of the colonies (35.7–157 μm) and cells (8–10 × 5–9 μm) and their connection in sub‐colonies by mucilaginous strands, as well as the presence of mucilaginous processes on the periphery of some of the colonies, with most of the cells included inside the colony. Reproduction occurred through divisions into two to four autospores. These features characterized the species as Botryococcus terribilis Komárek and Marvan. The TEM study showed, in addition to the presence of starch grains, pyrenoids that are penetrated by thick thylakoids. The pyrenoid bodies appear as electron‐dense protein inclusions located in the chloroplast and surrounded by a starch sheath. These structures, which contain most if not all of the Ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase in several algal species that have been studied closely, are newly discovered for this species.
... A identificação das espécies foi efetuada com base em suas características morfológicas tendo como referência os trabalhos de Komárek & Marvan (1992), Comas González (1996, Menezes e Bicudo (2008), Fanés et al. (2009) para clorófitas, Round (1990) para diatomáceas e Komárek & Anagnostidis (1999) (Fig. 1) Células ovóides 7,9-10,5 x 5,8-9,5 μm. Cloroplasto único poculiforme, com pirenóide. ...
This study identified native species of microalgae (maintained at LABIOMAR/IB/UFBA Collection of Freshwater Microalgae) to indicate their potential to supply the biofuel production chain.Samples were collected in freshwater ecosystems around Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Species identification was based in morphological characteristics. Nineteen species were isolated and identified, 12 at the level of species and nine at the level of genus: 14 Chlorophyceae (Chlamydomonas sp1, Chlamydomonas sp2, Chlamydomonas sp3, Chlamydocapsa bacillus (Teiling) Fott, Chlorococcum sp1, Chlorococcum sp2, Coelastrum indicum Turn. Coelastrum microporum Nägeli, Desmodesmus brasiliensis (Bohl.) Hegew, Scenedesmum obliquus (Turpin) Kütz, Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs, Ankistrodesmus fusiformis Corda, Kirchneriella lunaris (Kirchner.) Möbius, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Korshikov) F. Hindák), three Trebouxiophyceae (Botryococcus braunii Kütz., Botryococcus terribilis Komárek et Marvan and Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck), one Bacillariophyceae (Nitzschia sp.) and one Cyanobacteria (Synechocystis sp.).
