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![a) Porosity versus density of cast and printed poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) aerogels. b) Percent crystallinity of cast and printed 30 and 50 wt% PPS aerogels. c) Compressive stress versus strain profiles of printed PPS aerogels. d) Compressive modulus versus density plot of cast and printed PPS aerogels. Open green symbols = series of low‐density cast aerogels prepared at concentrations ranging from 9.1 to 23.1 wt%.[³⁸] Closed green symbols = 30 and 50 wt% cast aerogel specimen.](publication/375970365/figure/fig4/AS:11431281272769419@1724248183943/a-Porosity-versus-density-of-cast-and-printed-polyphenylene-sulfide-PPS-aerogels-b.png)
a) Porosity versus density of cast and printed poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) aerogels. b) Percent crystallinity of cast and printed 30 and 50 wt% PPS aerogels. c) Compressive stress versus strain profiles of printed PPS aerogels. d) Compressive modulus versus density plot of cast and printed PPS aerogels. Open green symbols = series of low‐density cast aerogels prepared at concentrations ranging from 9.1 to 23.1 wt%.[³⁸] Closed green symbols = 30 and 50 wt% cast aerogel specimen.
Source publication
Additive manufacturing (AM) of aerogels increases the achievable geometric complexity, and affords fabrication of hierarchically porous structures. In this work, a custom heated material extrusion (MEX) device prints aerogels of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), an engineering thermoplastic, via in situ thermally induced phase separation (TIPS). First...
Citations
... Gels are three-dimensional scaffolds That contain a solvent with the inner pores. These gels can be synthesizde by the classical sol-gel method which consists on polymerazation or crosslinking the initial precursors, or by ohter methods such as thermallyinduced phase separation (TIPS) Bueno et al. 2021;Godshall et al. 2023), non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) (Kang et al. 2016;Dogenski et al. 2020) or dissolution-regenaration routes (Mi et al. 2016). ...
Cellulose scaffolds have been widely used for biomedical applications. The character and functionalities of these porous materials are mainly dependent on their porous structure and chemical composition. The possibility of customizing the porous structure of scaffolds, which arises from the manufacturing process used, allows the use of these materials as support to mimic cellular matrix native building blocks and, combined with the introduction of functional groups, it can facilitate the adhesion and cultivation of different types of cells. Obtaining a balance between structural mechanical properties, porous architecture, and chemical composition in scaffolds for cell placement is a key challenge for the development of an optimum porous scaffold. In this sense, this review manuscript presents an approach to the main methods of production and drying techniques of cellulose and nanocellulose scaffolds, as well as possible chemical functionalizations for application in biomaterials, mainly as 3D cell culture. Moreover, a revision of the state of the art for cellulose and nanocellulose-based porous materials (aerogels and foams) for cell culture in recent years has been included in the manuscript.
... [16,54,55] Common classifications based on the type of induced phase separation include thermo-induced phase separation (TIPS), non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS), solvent evaporation-induced phase separation (SEIPS), freeze-induced phase separation (FIPS), and pressure-induced phase separation (PIPS). [56][57][58][59][60] These techniques provide diverse options for the creation of multifunctional porous scaffolds, which are crucial in the treatment of liver diseases. ...
Liver tissue engineering holds promising in synthesizing or regenerating livers, while the design of functional scaffold remains a challenge. Owing to the intricate simulation of extracellular matrix structure and performance, porous scaffolds have demonstrated advantages in creating liver microstructures and sustaining liver functions. Currently, various methods and processes have been employed to fabricate porous scaffolds, manipulating the properties and morphologies of materials to confer them with unique supportive functions. Additionally, scaffolds must also facilitate tissue growth and deliver cells, possessing therapeutic or regenerative effects. In this review, it is initially outline typical procedures for fabricating porous scaffolds and showcase various morphologies of microstructures. Subsequently, it is delved into the forms of cell loading in porous scaffolds, including scaffold‐based, scaffold‐free, and synergetic or bioassembly approaches. Lastly, the utilization of porous scaffolds in liver diseases, offering significant insights and future implications for liver regeneration research in tissue engineering is explored.
... 70 Phase inversion can take place in various ways including nonsolvent induced phase separation, thermally induced phase separation, solvent-evaporation phase inversion and vapordeposition phase inversion. 71 The formed two methods are quite simple and do not require the use of pore-forming agents to prepare films with porous character. 72 During non-solvent induced phase separation, the polymer is dissolved in a diluent to produce a relatively homogeneous solution, and subsequently an extractant is slowly added into the above solution to extract the solvent, resulting in a unique two-phase structure where the polymer is a continuous phase and the solvent is a dispersed phase. ...
Solid-state Li-metal batteries with solid-state electrolytes have attracted increasing attention due to their high energy density and intrinsically high safety. Among diverse available solid-state electrolytes, cellulose-based solid polymer electrolytes (CSPEs) are particularly attractive and have showcased great promise because of their multiple merits including abundant reserves, abundant polar groups, chemical stability and high flexibility. This review surveys currently-developed solid electrolytes based on modified cellulose and its composites with diverse organic and inorganic fillers. Common preparation methods for solid electrolyte membranes are discussed in detail, followed by a sequential overview of various modification and compositing strategies for improving Li-ion transport in CSPEs, and a summary of the current existing challenges and future prospects of CSPEs to achieve high-performance solid batteries.
Keywords: Cellulose-based solid polymer electrolytes (CSPEs); Li-metal batteries; Ionic conductivity; Interface stability.
Smart polymeric materials have garnered significant attention in the field of anticounterfeiting. As traditional anticounterfeiting inks are frequently copied and counterfeited over time, creating a demand for more advanced anticounterfeiting inks. This review introduces innovative encryption mechanisms and methods for advanced anticounterfeiting inks, including Förster resonance energy transfer, charge and electron transfer, aggregation-induced emission, phase separation, white light emission, double encryption, and unclonable inks. The mechanisms of chromism, luminescence emission, and preparation methods of these inks are discussed, providing insights into their potential applications in security technologies, including inks against counterfeiting and innovative encryption techniques. Polymers have gained significant attention in this field because of their versatility, the ability to integrate diverse functional properties, increasing reusability and lifetime, photostability, photo-fatigue resistant characteristics, and ease of application on various substrates. This review introduces advanced methods and mechanisms, such as dynamic encryption, double encryption, and unclonable anticounterfeiting, for combating forgery and counterfeiting to protect documents and luxury products. This is achieved through polymer-based high-security anticounterfeiting inks. Finally, the application methods of these inks on different substrates is an important challenge, for which printing has gained significant attention because of its simplicity, high rate of production, reproducibility, and precise applicability
Hybridization by multi‐components in an aerogel is an efficient way to make nanoporous aerogel robust, high‐temperature stable and multifunctional. While in the formation of aerogel network by a liquid‐solid phase separation, solid‐solid phase separation between the multi‐component is likely to be triggered by enthalpy penalty, which would undermine the synergistically effects. Here, this work presents a copolymerized precursor that simultaneously incorporates two metals in one precursor, to efficiently suppress the potential solid‐solid phase separation between the distinct components during sol‐gel reaction. The two metals form atomic‐level cross‐links in the precursor, which are inherited into the aerogel. The difference in hydrolysis reaction rates during the sol‐gel phase slows down the gelation time and inhibits phase separation. As a proof‐of‐concept, polyacetylacetone yttrium‐zirconium (PAYZ) derived Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) aerogel demonstrates a homogeneous chemical structure than those synthesized by metal‐salt precursor; additionally, the YSZ aerogel can retain nanopores up to 1300 °C SBET of 17 cm²·g⁻¹ after assessment and low bulk shrinkage, outperforming the metal‐salts derived YSZ aerogels reported so far. The aerogel of only 1 mm thick can insulate a heating source temperature of 860 °C to about 407 °C, indicating a remarkable thermal insulation performance. Owing to the uniform incorporation of Y in ZrO2 lattices, the YSZ aerogel shows excellent ultraviolet (UV) shielding performances. The copolymerized precursor derived hybrid aerogel synthesis provides potential strategy to explore new hybrid aerogels, which have better performance and wider applications.
