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a Multi-channel oscillogram showing timing of calls by 3 Font Romeu (FR) and 1 Mérens-les-Vals (MER) males in a mixed-population chorus. b 1.5-s segment of multi-channel oscillogram in a. Blue lines in channels 1 and 3 show the delay intervals for which calls initiated by any neighboring male would be designated as ‘following’ the focal male in the respective channel (see text and Table 1). An ‘F’ at the beginning of a call indicates that it followed one or more other males in the chorus; male 1 is followed by males 2, 3 and 4 and male 3 is followed by males 2 and 4. (Color figure online)
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When animal species have a strong phylogeographic structure questions arise on the origin, maintenance and future evolutionary trajectory of that structure. One prediction is that phenotypic differences among populations serve as pre-mating barriers should secondary contact occur. Post-mating barriers may also function and ensure further separation...
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... These models of how a species' range may have changed over time can form the basis for hypothesis tests in phylogeography (e.g., Richards et al. 2007) and are particularly useful in comparative studies (e.g., Espíndola et al. 2014) or for species of conservation concern (e.g., Brunetti et al. 2019, Françoso et al. 2019. Researchers have also combined phylogeographic investigations with acoustic data (e.g., Mahamoud-Issa et al. 2017, Liu et al. 2019, morphological data (e.g., Vondráček et al. 2017, Henriques et al. 2020 or both (e.g., Liu et al. 2018). In combination, these data allow researchers to address questions of importance related to species boundaries, and thus appropriate for species delimitation and taxonomy (e.g., Wade et al. 2015). ...
In the 21st century, phylogeography has experienced dramatic growth in the data and methods used by the field. Insect (more generally, hexapod) phylogeography has contributed to major advances and many of the influential papers included hexapods as model systems. In this literature review, we: (i) highlight recent phylogeographic work in hexapod systems, and (ii) identify broader trends and critical future steps in the field. We include a summary of useful methodological approaches and identify the methods used to approach different questions asked in phylogeographic studies. An updated summary of the applications that phylogeography has contributed to the field of entomology, including spatial studies, conservation, systematics, pest control, and invasive species, is included to highlight vital work in the field. Special attention is devoted to investigations which seek to use multi-species data to understand community ecological and evolutionary processes. Finally, we overview the main challenges, opportunities, and emerging areas, highlighting the “phylogeographic shortfall” that exists between the number of described hexapod species vs. the number of species that have been the focus of phylogeographic investigation.
... Clade 2 comprises populations along the littoral north and east of Narbonne and inland to the west on the northern slopes of the Pyrenees and north along the Rhone Valley and into the Massif Central. Prominent subclades exist within clades 1 and 2 and represent populations grouped within certain valleys: subclades in the Cerdagne valley in clade 1 and along the Ariège and upper Garonne rivers in clade 2. The main phenotypic differences between clades 1 and 2 are in the male calling song and chorusing and the female preferences for song (Party et al., 2014;Barbosa et al., 2016;Marin-Cudraz & Greenfield, 2016;Greenfield et al., 2017). Males in clade 1 populations produce calls with three or more syllables, whereas clade 2 populations have only one or two-syllable calls (cf. ...
We studied the Pleistocene diversification of a relatively endemic Mediterranean insect (Ephippiger diurnus; Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) to understand how species with restricted range may nonetheless exhibit the complex phylogeography normally associated with broad distribution. A time-calibrated molecular phylogeny based on two mitochondrial genes showed that E. diurnus diverged into two major clades, distinguished largely by male song, before or early during the Pleistocene. Several subclades also diverged before the most recent glacial period. Data from 20 microsatellite loci indicated higher genetic diversity in populations along the Mediterranean coast in France, consistent with the hypothesis that glacial refuges were located there. 'Isolation by distance' accounts for much genetic differentiation between populations, but some adjacent populations are highly differentiated. A Bayesian approach defined genetically distinct clusters and assigned individuals to their most probable cluster. Clusters corresponded to clades in the phylogenetic tree, and we used cluster assignments to estimate interclade gene flow in areas of potential secondary contact. Gene flow is negligible in potential contact areas in the Pyrenees, but a narrow hybrid zone featuring a steep cline exists on the coast. This hybrid zone suggests that the major clades represent distinct species that diverged within a restricted area during the Pleistocene.
How barriers to gene flow arise and are maintained are key questions in evolutionary biology. Speciation research has mainly focused on barriers that occur either before mating or after zygote formation. In comparison, postmating prezygotic (PMPZ) isolation-a barrier that acts after gamete release but before zygote formation-is less frequently investigated but may hold a unique role in generating biodiversity. Here we discuss the distinctive features of PMPZ isolation, including the primary drivers and molecular mechanisms underpinning PMPZ isolation. We then present the first comprehensive survey of PMPZ isolation research, revealing that it is a widespread form of prezygotic isolation across eukaryotes. The survey also exposes obstacles in studying PMPZ isolation, in part attributable to the challenges involved in directly measuring PMPZ isolation and uncovering its causal mechanisms. Finally, we identify outstanding knowledge gaps and provide recommendations for improving future research on PMPZ isolation. This will allow us to better understand the nature of this often-neglected reproductive barrier and its contribution to speciation.
The study of human language is progressively moving toward comparative and interactive frameworks, extending the concept of turn‐taking to animal communication. While such an endeavor will help us understand the interactive origins of language, any theoretical account for cross‐species turn‐taking should consider three key points. First, animal turn‐taking must incorporate biological studies on animal chorusing, namely how different species coordinate their signals over time. Second, while concepts employed in human communication and turn‐taking, such as intentionality, are still debated in animal behavior, lower level mechanisms with clear neurobiological bases can explain much of animal interactive behavior. Third, social behavior, interactivity, and cooperation can be orthogonal, and the alternation of animal signals need not be cooperative. Considering turn‐taking a subset of chorusing in the rhythmic dimension may avoid overinterpretation and enhance the comparability of future empirical work.