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6. (a) Measured lithog and palaeocurrent of Lohardih braid-delta system (fluvial part) in an east-west transect form four sections-Jognipalli, Raitum, Nayanjhar and Panduka-from the western part of the basin. Note the wide variation in the palaeocurrent between the Jognipalli section and other sections to the west. (b) Asymmetry in fluvial package thickness and maximum clast size observed at different studied sections.
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In the last two decades multiproxy studies involving process-based sedimentology, geochronology of interbedded tuff units from different stratigraphic levels, sediment geochemistry including stable isotope signatures and documentation of structural grains within selective stratigraphic intervals from the Chhattisgarh Basin, central India have resul...
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The Younger Dryas (YD) cold event was discovered in Denmark by Hartz and Mithers in 1904 and the term coined by Hartz in 1912. It was identified as a lacustrine clay bed containing plant macrofossils of an Arctic flora, including Dryas octopetala, and lying between Allerød and Holocene gyttjas containing a warmer flora with birch trees. The YD is u...
The first geochronological data have been obtained for Amnunakta massif composed of monzogabbro-monzodiorite and located in the southeastern part of the Selenga-Stanovoy superterrane. It was found that the age of Amnunakta massif (240 ± 1 Ma) is almost similar to that of quartz porphyry of the Kuitun formation and alkaline granites of the Nerchugan...
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... The Chhattisgarh Supergroup is classified into four groups; the oldest Singhora Group, followed by the Chandarpur Group, Raipur Group and the youngest Kharsia Group (cf. Murti, 1987;Das et al., 1992;Patranabis Deb and Chaudhury, 2008;Chakraborty et al., 2015Chakraborty et al., , 2020Patranabis Deb and Saha, 2020; see Table 1). A number of mafic intrusions are known from the Singhora as well as Chandarpur Groups (e.g., Mukherjee and Ray, 2010;Das et al., 2011;Pandey et al., 2012). ...
... Das et al. (1992) divided the Chhattisgarh basin into two subbasins, i.e., Hirri sub-basin and Baradwar sub-basin, and classified them into the Singhora, Chandarpur and Raipur Groups (Fig. 2). Further, Raipur Group was subdivided into two Groups; Raipur and the youngest Kharsiya Group (see Table 1; Patranabis-Deb and Chaudhuri 2008; Mukherjee et al., 2014;Chakraborty et al., 2015Chakraborty et al., , 2020Patranabis-Deb and Saha, 2020). The Singhora Group comprises of shale, limestone, sandstone and conglomerate with the igneous association of porcellanitic tuffaceous unit (ca. ...
... 67-64 Ma Deccan LIP related dolerite dykes (Chalapathi Rao et al., 2011). The youngest Kharsiya Group comprises of gypsiferous purple shale, dolomite, sandstone and conglomerate and is devoid of any noticeable igneous rock association (see Table 1; Patranabis-Deb and Chaudhuri 2008; Mukherjee et al., 2014;Chakraborty et al., 2015) PETROGRAPHY ...
A number of Mesoproterozoic mafic intrusions transect the Chhattisgarh basin, Bastar craton, and they are mostly exposed in the Singhora and Chandarpur Group of rocks in the eastern part of the basin. These mafic intrusive rocks are studied for their petrological and geochemical characteristics to understand nature and genesis and likely implication on the time of sedimentation. They chiefly consist of clinopyroxene and plagioclase and show ophitic texture. Geochemically, they are sub-alkaline basalt to basaltic andesite and strongly supports cogenetic nature of mafic intrusives from both the Groups. The fractionation of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and Cr-spinel primarily controlled geochemical variations. Negative Nb-Ta-Ti anomalies suggest a possible role of crustal components in the evolution of the melt; however, the absence of crustal signature in most primitive high-Mg containing samples rules out any significant role of crustal contamination. Incompatible trace elements modelling suggests their derivation from a mantle melt, originated from the transition zone of garnet-spinel stability field. Further, geochemical analysis supports an SZLM (subduction zone-modified lithospheric mantle) source for these mafic intrusions. Low CaO/MgO (1.20-1.64), intermediate FeO/MnO (45.71-71.80), positive PX# (1.10-5.89), and high values of FC3MS (0.58-1.35) and FCKANTMS (0.59-0.93) explicitly support derivation of the primary melt from a olivine-poor and pyroxene-rich (pyroxenite type) source. The observed geochemical characteristics and published age data on these mafic intrusions indicate that sediments of both the stratigraphic units are older than ca. 1.42 Ga. Further, based on the relationship with the neighbouring ca.
... In the peninsular region of central India, the Palaeoproterozoic-Mesoproterozoic succession of unmetamorphosed, less-deformed sedimentary succession of the Chhattisgarh Supergroup lies over the crystalline rocks of the Bastar Craton (Mukherjee et al., 2014;. Lithostratigraphically, it is divided into four groups, viz., the Singhora, the Chandarpur, the Raipur, and the Kharsia, in ascending order (Das et al., 1992;Mukherjee et al., 2014;Chakraborty et al., 2015). In the~2,300 m thick litho package of the Chhattisgarh Supergroup, the Singhora Group is designated as the lowermost stratigraphic unit, containing mixed siliciclastic and carbonate litho-associations (Das et al., 2003;Mukherjee et al., 2014). ...
... Stromatolite sections are conspicuous on the horizontal surface parallel to the bedding. Available studies suggest alluvial fan, braid plain, shelf (storm infested), shallow marine, and shelf depositional conditions for the Singhora Group of rocks in stratigraphic order (Das et al., 1992;Chakraborty et al., 2010;Chakraborty et al., 2012;Chakraborty et al., 2015). Carbonaceous fossils are documented from the Saraipali and Chhuipali Formations of the Singhora Group. ...
The origin, antiquity, and affinity of benthic seaweeds (multicellular algae) in the geological past are shrouded in mystery due to their preservation bias. In this study, we present a new material of well-preserved carbonaceous compression fossils in shale horizons of the Mesoproterozoic (ca. ∼1,500–1,300 Ma) Singhora Group of the Chhattisgarh Supergroup. Eleven distinct taxa, including one new taxon, Palaeoscytosiphon shuklaii, n. gen. et. sp., and one new species, Jiuqunaoella sergeevii, n. sp., are established. Four unidentified morphologies are also reported. Morphologically, the carbonaceous fossils are fan-shaped, palmate, elongated, leaf-like algal thalli with/without holdfast at the base, isolated or dichotomously branched long filaments, along with multicellular reproductive structures. The results of laser Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) are also presented in support of their biogenicity. Collectively, the preservation mode of the Singhora carbonaceous fossils suggests multicellular algal affinity and adds to a Burgess Shale-type (BST) taphonomic window in the Pre-Ediacaran biosphere.
... During the last decade, studies on the late Palaeoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic Chhattisgarh Supergroup provided evidence for our understanding of the lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, evolution, and age of this prominent Proterozoic sedimentary basin of India (Patranabis-Deb et al., 2007;Patranabis-Deb and Chaudhuri, 2008;Chakraborty et al., 2010;Bickford et al., 2011a;Dhang and Patranabis-Deb, 2012;Chakraborty et al., 2015;Chakraborty and Barkat, 2020;George and Ray, 2020). Except for a few reports of stromatolites from this supergroup (Schnitzer, 1969;Moitra, 2003;Gupta, 2004) fossil contents were poorly documented from the Chhattisgarh Supergroup. ...
... The rocks of this succession exposed over ~33000 km 2 area in parts of Chhattisgarh and Odisha states of Peninsular India (Fig. 1). Lithostratigraphically, it is divided into four groups viz., the Singhora, the Chandarpur, the Raipur, and the Kharsia in ascending order (Das et al., 1992;Mukherjee et al., 2014;Chakraborty et al., 2015) (Fig. 2) (Table-1). The Chhattisgarh Supergroup in the western part is comprised of only the Chandarpur and Raipur Groups, whereas in the eastern part all the four groups are exposed. ...
... During the last decade, studies on the late Palaeoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic Chhattisgarh Supergroup provided evidence for our understanding of the lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, evolution, and age of this prominent Proterozoic sedimentary basin of India (Patranabis-Deb et al., 2007;Patranabis-Deb and Chaudhuri, 2008;Chakraborty et al., 2010;Bickford et al., 2011a;Dhang and Patranabis-Deb, 2012;Chakraborty et al., 2015;Chakraborty and Barkat, 2020;George and Ray, 2020). Except for a few reports of stromatolites from this supergroup (Schnitzer, 1969;Moitra, 2003;Gupta, 2004) fossil contents were poorly documented from the Chhattisgarh Supergroup. ...
... The rocks of this succession exposed over ~33000 km 2 area in parts of Chhattisgarh and Odisha states of Peninsular India (Fig. 1). Lithostratigraphically, it is divided into four groups viz., the Singhora, the Chandarpur, the Raipur, and the Kharsia in ascending order (Das et al., 1992;Mukherjee et al., 2014;Chakraborty et al., 2015) (Fig. 2) (Table-1). The Chhattisgarh Supergroup in the western part is comprised of only the Chandarpur and Raipur Groups, whereas in the eastern part all the four groups are exposed. ...
The present study enriches the records of the Proterozoic eukaryotic fossils with well-preserved specimens of the genus Dictyosphaera macroreticulata and Valeria lophostriata reported from the late Mesoproterozoic Chaporadih Formation of the Chandarpur Group, Chhattisgarh Supergroup. Results of integrated studies, involving Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) over the Transmitted Light Microscopy (TLM), are presented to understand the submicron level morphology of Organic Walled Microfossils (OWM). In the global context, Tappania, Dictyosphaera, and Valeria constitute a biozone of which the latter two are important constituents. These elements are part of the widely distributed and long-ranging forms that are found in the latest Palaeoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic (Tonian) organic-walled microfossils assemblages. Collectively, their occurrence in the Chhattisgarh Supergroup demonstrates a new record of eukaryotic fossils from the Proterozoic succession of India.
... During the last decade, studies on the late Palaeoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic Chhattisgarh Supergroup provided evidence for our understanding of the lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, evolution, and age of this prominent Proterozoic sedimentary basin of India (Patranabis-Deb et al., 2007;Patranabis-Deb and Chaudhuri, 2008;Chakraborty et al., 2010;Bickford et al., 2011a;Dhang and Patranabis-Deb, 2012;Chakraborty et al., 2015;Chakraborty and Barkat, 2020;George and Ray, 2020). Except for a few reports of stromatolites from this supergroup (Schnitzer, 1969;Moitra, 2003;Gupta, 2004) fossil contents were poorly documented from the Chhattisgarh Supergroup. ...
... The rocks of this succession exposed over ~33000 km 2 area in parts of Chhattisgarh and Odisha states of Peninsular India (Fig. 1). Lithostratigraphically, it is divided into four groups viz., the Singhora, the Chandarpur, the Raipur, and the Kharsia in ascending order (Das et al., 1992;Mukherjee et al., 2014;Chakraborty et al., 2015) (Fig. 2) (Table-1). The Chhattisgarh Supergroup in the western part is comprised of only the Chandarpur and Raipur Groups, whereas in the eastern part all the four groups are exposed. ...
The present study enriches the records of the Proterozoic eukaryotic fossils with well-preserved specimens of the genus Dictyosphaera macroreticulata and Valeria lophostriata reported from the late Mesoproterozoic Chaporadih Formation of the Chandarpur Group, Chhattisgarh Supergroup. Results of integrated studies, involving Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) over the Transmitted Light Microscopy (TLM), are presented to understand the submicron level morphology of Organic Walled Microfossils (OWM). In the global context, Tappania, Dictyosphaera, and Valeria constitute a biozone of which the latter two are important constituents. These elements are part of the widely distributed and long-ranging forms that are found in the latest Palaeoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic (Tonian) organic-walled microfossils assemblages. Collectively, their occurrence in the Chhattisgarh Supergroup demonstrates a new record of eukaryotic fossils from the Proterozoic succession of India.
... The Chhattisgarh basin occupies ~33,000 km 2 surface area and comprises a 2,200-2,500 m thick siliciclastic-carbonate succession deposited in multiple sedimentary cycles, with minor intercalations of phosphorites, evaporites, felsic-volcanics and pyroclastics (Bickford et al., 2011a;Chakraborty et al., 2015). The stratigraphy of the basin is subdivided into four groups, namely, the Singhora, Chandarpur, Raipur and Kharsia. ...
... The rocks of the Chandarpur Group are extensively exposed around the Gomarda reserve forest ( Figure 1). Conglomerate, sandstone and shale are the dominant lithologies, which are considered to have been deposited in an array of alluvial, coastal and shallow marine environments representing multiple cycles of transgression and regression (Chakraborty et al., 2015). Lithostratigraphically, it is divided into three distinct units, namely, the Lohardih, Chaporadih and Kansapathar formations in order of superposition. ...
Persistently low enrichment of conventional redox‐proxy trace metals, i.e., V, Cr, Mo, and U in Mesoproterozoic black shale records, has generally been interpreted as an oxygen‐depleted surface environment. But, new evidence in this study contradicts this concept. We performed an integrated trace metals, major oxides, and total organic carbon (TOC) investigation on the late Mesoproterozoic black/buff‐grey shale of Chandarpur Group. The results revealed no significant enrichment of V, Cr, Mo, and U however, intermittent high‐enrichment of non‐detrital Co, Fe, and Mn. As the studied section is non‐euxinic, sulphidic Co scavenging seems an unlikely mechanism for the Co enrichment. A significantly positive correlation between Co and Mn, and CoEF covariation with Fe/Al, strongly suggest the co‐precipitation of Co and Fe/Mn in a well‐oxygenated environment. This intermittent oxygenation of the sediment‐water interface would have promoted the re‐dissolution loss of V, Cr, Mo, and U from the sediments deposited under preceding anoxic conditions.
... The Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ) forms the north and northwest boundaries (Ramakrishnan and Vaidyanadhan 2010). Basin evolution models such as an intracratonic sag, rift, and foreland were suggested for the Chhattisgarh Basin (Chaudhuri et al. 2002;Chakraborty et al. 2015). The sedimentary succession of the Chhattisgarh Basin, known as the Chhattisgarh Supergroup, was deposited mainly in two sub-basinsthe Hirri in the west and the Baradwar in the east (Figure 1(b)). ...
... A fraction of the sediments were also deposited in two proto-basins known as the Singhora and the Barapahar located at the southeastern fringe of the Baradwar subbasin (Das et al. 1992). Lithostratigraphically, the Chhattisgarh Supergroup is classified into four groups in the order of their depositionthe Singhora, the Chandarpur, the Raipur and the Kharsiya (Figure 2; Das et al. 1992;Patranabis-Deb 2004;Mukherjee et al. 2014;Chakraborty et al. 2015). Sedimentation in the Chhattisgarh Basin was initiated in the eastern part where the basal Singhora Group was deposited in the two proto-basins, the Singhora and the Barapahar. ...
... The stratigraphic position of the Singhora Group within the Chhattisgarh Supergroup is ardently debated. Two schools of thought existone considers the Group to be part of the basal Chandarpur Group (Patranabis-Deb 2004;Dhang and Patranabis-Deb 2011;Basu et al. 2013;Deb 2013), whereas the other supports the idea of an independent group status for the Singhora (Chakraborty et al. , 2015Saha et al. 2013;Mukherjee et al. 2014). ...
The Chhattisgarh Basin is one of the most important Proterozoic basins of peninsular India. Owing to its deposition in the Mesoproterozoic, the largely undeformed and unmetamorphosed sedimentary sequence of this basin is believed to hold vital clues to our understanding of the evolution of the Indian craton subsequent to the disintegration of the supercontinent Columbia. Despite its importance, only limited studies have been carried out to decipher the depositional history of the basin and to correlate various litho-units in it. Here, we present results of quantitative provenance analysis of the sediments in the basin using trace element and Nd isotopic ratios and discuss their implications for the evolution of the basin in the context of regional tectonics. The sediment provenance analysis reveals that the spatially extensive ~2.5 Ga old granitoids of the Bastar craton were the major contributors (45% to 65%) of the total sediment budget into the basin during its initial stage of evolution. As sedimentation progressed the contribution from the Bastar granitoids was restricted to less than 30% of the total budget with the remaining supplied by younger 1.6–1.7 Ga magmatic rocks. The overall provenance of sediments appears to have remained constant throughout the evolutionary history of the basin; however, the relative contributions of various sources did change with time. The latter is highly conspicuous across the stratigraphic boundary between the Singhora and Chandarpur groups, in the lower part of the Chhattisgarh Supergroup. The geochemical data suggest that the basin developed as a result of either rift or sag into which the sea incursion occurred through the adjacent grabens during the Mesoproterozoic marine transgression.
... The paleomagnetic pole appears to be primary based on an intraformational conglomerate test and a regional fold test. Unfortunately, there are no good geochronologic data from the sedimentary sequences although they are bracketed to between 1.4 and 1.0 Ga (Meert and Pandit, 2015;Chakraborty et al., 2015). ...
We have compiled 11 reliable paleomagnetic poles from Peninsular India in order to test a variety of paleogeographic scenarios. Precambrian peninsular India represents an amalgam of five cratonic nuclei known as the Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum, Bundelkhand cratons, and the Aravalli-Banded Gneiss Complex (BGC). The Bundelkhand craton and Aravalli-BGC (North Indian Blocks) are separated from the other three regions (South Indian Blocks) by an WSW-ENE transcontinental belt known as the Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ). Paleomagnetic and geochronological data from these regions indicate that the South Indian blocks were assembled by at least 1.765 Ga. Peninsular India was amalgamated along the CITZ between 1.1 and 0.9 Ga.
A picture of Peninsular India’s nuclei is evaluated at discrete intervals and provides limited constraints on India’s location in the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents. The most robust paleogeographic pictures are at 1.88 and at 1.45 Ga. We note several problems with the position of India in some existing maps of Rodinia between 1.1 and 1.0 Ga and argue that the “tradition” of keeping East Gondwana intact for most of the Proterozoic is problematic. Finally, we note that India contains a wealth of untapped “paleogeographic resources” that promise to provide an improved picture of India’s place in Precambrian supercontinents in the coming years.
... The large order cycles of Bhalukona Sandstone points to major changes in base level, basinward shift of the shallow marine facies belts and upliftment of the source area leading to the generation of large volume of coarse sands (after Dhang and Patranabis-Deb, 2011). A tectonically driven base level fall resulting in valley incision on the shelf and formation of a type-I unconformity is reported from the occurrence of Bhalukona Sandstone on top of the Saraipali highstand shelf (Das, 2014;Chakraborty et al., 2015). Cross-section of the study area in 1: 12500 scale (mapped by Khan and Sekhar during Field Season 2017-18). ...
Glauconite forms excellent source of potash-bearing fertilizers and hence its exploration affects the economy of the country. Here, we report the occurrence of a glauconitic horizon (sandstone, shale and sandstone-shale of ~14 km length and ~150 to ~400 m width from Bhalukona Formation in Singhora Basin (Mahasamund District, Chhattisgarh, India). The modal proportion of glauconite varies from ~4% to ~20% and it occurs as: (a) discrete peloids and (b) veins and stringers, which formed through 'pseudomorphic replacement' of feldspar and quartz. Whole-rock analysis (ICP-MS and XRF) indicates K 2 O values ranging between ~0.35 and ~6.13 wt%. The sub-surface sandstone (up to ~5.62 wt%) and shale (up to ~6.13 wt%) show relatively higher values of K 2 O than the surface samples, where K 2 O values range between ~0.35 and ~2.37 wt%. Our results corroborate with high K 2 O values (~1.39 to ~3.05 wt%) inferred from Geo-Chemical Mapping, and is higher than the reported upper continental crustal value (~2.32 wt%). Mineral chemistry of glauconites also shows promising K 2 O values, ranging from ~6.25 to ~9.38 wt%, indicating its highly evolved variety. Relatively pristine glauconite in sub-surface explains the relatively higher values of K 2 O than the surface samples, where the glauconites are chloritized due to pronounced weathering. The high K 2 O, Al 2 O 3 , MgO, SiO 2 ; low Fe 2 O 3 (Total) proportions and other characters substantiate Precambrian origin of the glauconite. Our reported sub-surface glauconitic horizon can form a probable source and an alternate for imported potassium, which can boost the gross domestic product of the country.
... The sandstone-shale assemblage of the Kharsiya Group is a lateral facies equivalent of the uppermost shale-dolomite succession of the Hirri sub-basin. The sedimentary succession of the basin thus may be looked upon as four successive unconformity bound successions of group status, namely, Singhora, Chandarpur, Raipur and Kharsiya (Chakraborty et al., 2015b;Saha et al., 2013;Chaudhuri, 2008, 2010) (Fig.3). ...
