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(a) Mean annual precipitation projected to 2030 (data source: [55]) and (b) precipitation anomaly in the period between December 2016 and February 2017 (data source: [60]).
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![(a) Mean annual precipitation projected to 2030 (data source: [55]) and...](publication/344378099/figure/fig3/AS:11431281344820178@1743630157763/a-Mean-annual-precipitation-projected-to-2030-data-source-55-and-b-precipitation_Q320.jpg)
The coastline environment and urban areas of Peru overlooking the Pacific Ocean are among the most affected by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, and its cascading hazards such as floods, landslides and avalanches. In this work, the complete archives of the European Space Agency (ESA)’s European Remote-Sensing (ERS-1/2) missions and Europe...
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This study aimed to analyze fragments of rangelands through spectral responses and land cover change by livestock in regions of the Caatinga biome through remote sensing. For spectral behavior, the surface reflectance bidirectional (SRB) and spectral indexes of vegetation were used to verify the ragelands seasonality. Land cover change detection of...
Citations
... Data mining methods have been increasingly used in FRA to improve accuracy and efficiency of the analysis [129,136,137]. These methods have been applied in various aspects of FRA, including the development of mitigation measures, emergency response preparation, and flood recovery planning [137].Utilizing data mining techniques in FRA involves extracting specific patterns and relationships from substantial hydraulic and hydrological data across one or multiple extensive databases. ...
... Data mining methods have been increasingly used in FRA to improve accuracy and efficiency of the analysis [129,136,137]. These methods have been applied in various aspects of FRA, including the development of mitigation measures, emergency response preparation, and flood recovery planning [137].Utilizing data mining techniques in FRA involves extracting specific patterns and relationships from substantial hydraulic and hydrological data across one or multiple extensive databases. A significant challenge with these approaches is their reliance on precise hydrological and hydraulic data, making them unsuitable for regions with limited data availability. ...
Climate change and rapid urbanization have intensified the frequency and severity of flooding, resulting in substantial damage to communities and infrastructure. Existing research on flood risk addresses a wide range of dimensions, ranging from physical to managerial aspects, which adds complexity to the assessment process. This paper introduces the Integrated Risk Linkages (IRL) Framework to provide a systematic approach to flood risk assessment. The IRL Framework defines risk as the intersection of hazard and vulnerability, where vulnerability is shaped by exposure and susceptibility. Resilience, including coping and adaptive capacities, serves as a counterbalance to vulnerability, offering pathways to mitigate flood impacts. Guided by the IRL framework, this study conducts a comprehensive review of the literature to identify and organize a detailed set of 99 criteria and sub-criteria into three overarching hierarchical structures: hazard, susceptibility, and resilience. Furthermore, the paper evaluates existing flood risk assessment methods, emphasizing their characteristics and practical applicability. The IRL framework presented in this study offers essential insights for navigating the complexities of flood risk management, serving as a valuable reference for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. Its flexibility empowers users to adapt the framework by utilizing specific components or its entire hierarchical structure, depending on data availability and research objectives, thereby enhancing its applicability across diverse contexts.
... The flood inventory data of an area present crucial information about past flood events, such as the date of occurrence, locations, and their impacts on the area. Today, geographic information systems are very useful tools to generate these maps [73]. However, other sources such as in situ data collection, related past reports and maps, and satellite spatial images can be used. ...
In the present study, flood hazard susceptibility maps generated using various distance measures in the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) were analyzed. Widely applied distance measures such as Euclidean, Manhattan, Chebyshev, Jaccard, and Soergel were used in TOPSIS to generate flood hazard susceptibility maps of the Gökırmak sub-basin located in the Western Black Sea Region, Türkiye. A frequency ratio (FR) and weight of evidence (WoE) were adapted to hybridize the nine flood conditioning factors considered in this study. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis and Seed Cell Area Index (SCAI) were used for the validation and testing of the generated flood susceptibility maps by extracting 70% and 30% of the inventory data of the generated flood susceptibility map for validation and testing, respectively. When the Area Under Curve (AUC) and SCAI values were examined, it was found that the Manhattan distance metric hybridized with the FR method gave the best prediction results with AUC values of 0.904 and 0.942 for training and testing, respectively. Furthermore, the natural break method was found to give the best predictions of the flood hazard susceptibility classes. So, the Manhattan distance measure could be preferred to Euclidean for flood susceptibility mapping studies.
... Floods, resulting from extreme meteorological events, pose significant threats to both ecosystems and various human systems due to their heightened vulnerability and exposure [1]. In March 2023, the Multisectoral Commission overseeing Peru's National Study of the El Niño Phenomenon (ENFEN) communicates the beginning of the "Coastal El Niño Alert" status [2]. ...
... [1,[19][20][21]. ...
Weather conditions appear to be undergoing significant deviations from the long-term average, marked by pronounced extremes of heat, prolonged droughts, and heightened rainfall occurring with greater frequency worldwide. Consequently, new patterns of extreme weather are emerging, like the unusual and unorganized tropical cyclone called "Yaku", that influenced the extreme amount of rain that between March 6th to 10th, 2023 hits more than 1000 districts in the northwestern of Peru. One of the district more affected was Íllimo, in the Lambayeque province, due to the river that pass through the city, so called “La Leche”, after the continuous and intensive rain overflow devastating his surrounding areas and causing victims and damage. This emergency provided and excellent opportunity to apply, on the aforementioned areas, the “change detection” technique, that allows identifying areas of change between data obtained before and after of emergency events. In this research, optical data (Sentinel-2, Landsat, MODIS Terra and Aqua, and PeruSAT-1) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data (Sentinel-1 and COSMO SkyMed) were analyzed. A benchmark could also be carried out between open-source and commercial spatial analysis tools. The results indicated that in an extreme rain event the optical data are obscured by clouds and do not allow their use, while SAR data overcome clouds, and can be used for this research. The benchmark indicated that using the Jaccard index score, the Sentinel-1A set showed a 33% of correlation, while COSMO SkyMed demonstrated a 38% of match between the maps. The results obtained could be used to sensitize the population and develop a better management of future emergency events (floods) in different areas of Peru.
... These results were compared with those obtained previously by [69] in which the one-dimensional HEC-RAS model was used [70,71]. In order to generate the comparison, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, which is a statistical technique with which the mean values of a dependent variable can be compared, according to the variation of independent variables, also called factors [72,73]. In order to evaluate the hazard of flooding in the Colón parish of the Portoviejo canton, the criteria for determining the level or degree of hazard were considered, which are found in the River Flood Risk Estimation Manual [74,75], in which it is referred that the hazard of flooding is based on the probability of occurrence and intensity of the same. ...
In the Portoviejo canton of the province of Manabí of coastal Ecuador, floods have historically occurred as a result of extreme rainfall events and the overflow of the Portoviejo River. Nowadays, hydrodynamic models constitute a tool that allows simulating the flow of water in hydrographic basins. The zones with the possibility of flooding at different return periods were determined in the Colón parish of the Portoviejo canton using the CAESAR-Lisflood two-dimensional model in its two modes, being the Catchment and Reach Mode. The inputs used for the simulation were rainfall and flow data at different return periods (historical and probable maximum) as well as the size of the sediments that were obtained from granulometric analysis by sieving and a Digital Elevation Model of ALOS PALSAR with a resolution of 24.5 m and were later compared to HEC-RAS. With the one-factor ANOVA statistical technique, it was determined that there are no significant differences between the means of the affected areas and flow depths. The flood hazard analysis was performed on the buildings of Colón, considering two main factors. The first has been the probability of occurrence depending on the return period (10, 25, 50, 100 and 500 years), where the greater the return period, the less probability of occurrence, while the second has been the intensity that is classified as low, medium and high depending on the depth of the water flow, when educational institutions, health centers and homes were the buildings of interest to analyze the medium and high hazard.KeywordsFlood hazardHydrodynamic modelsCAESAR-LisfloodHEC-RASReturn periodEcuador
... Flood susceptibility (Morelli et al. 2014), (Marconi et al. 2016), , (Romero & Cigna, 2020) ... continued ...
Floods and landslides, which cause significant loss of human life and economic loss, are the most reported catastrophic events worldwide. The Geographical Information System (GIS) has been recognized as one of the most effective tools in disaster related analysis. Therefore, this article uses GIS to review the development of landslide and flood research for the past 20 years. The main elements in this review are to scrutinize the trend and scope of studies related to disaster mapping around the globe. Amongst the criteria reviewed are; details of the study area, articles that received many citations, journals with high Impact Factor scores, scope breakdown based on single and multi-hazard analysis and the theme of the study. The methodology used in this Systematic Literature Review is based on the PRISMA guidelines. Results from the review found that studies related to disaster mapping are increasing every year. This trend is influenced by data availability, efforts to produce better disaster management, frequent disaster occurrences due to climate change and evolution of GIS to analyse spatial data. Nevertheless, articles related to multi-hazard analysis are still limited, and this study suggests conducting and publishing more studies related to multi-hazard assessment in the future. This review also shows that GIS has been used widely for various types of application in disaster analysis. Articles on disaster risk assessment have been the most common. This review will help other researchers in the field of disaster management to better understand the current trend of studies related to disaster mapping.
... 51 % of the food crops are produced using groundwater as irrigation means (Zhao et al., 2019). Urbanization has resulted in contamination of groundwater resources by industrial effluents, sewage water and by over usage of fertilizers and pesticides in the urban peripherals (Hudak, 1998;Romero et al., 2020). ...
Greater NOIDA evolved from 1991 with 101 villages to 2020 with 293 villages. This is an ideal case of rural to urban transformation in the immediate past. This transformation led to a decrease in recharging natural surfaces and an increase in impermeable surfaces. Along with the reduction in recharge areas, an increase in population has necessitated more and more extraction of groundwater resulting in an imbalance of water extraction and recharge. The result is depletion of groundwater levels in this area. The area is part of the wide Indo-Gangetic alluvium with sand, silt and clay layers resting on quartzite’s of Delhi Super Group. Geomorphological map prepared using digital elevation models of the area shows older and younger alluvial plains and active flood plains of the river Hindan. Time series analysis of key land use land cover classes shows that recharge areas were reduced from 77 % to 30 % from 2005 to 2019 and impervious surfaces have increased from 19 % to 65 % for the same period. Aquifers of the area are both phreatic and semi-confined. The aquifer parameters estimated through step drawdown test and long duration aquifer performance test indicates that the average coefficient of transmissivity of the area is 1752 m2/day and the average coefficient of storage is 4.84 x 10-4. Discharge of the wells shows a yield of 8 to 16 lps for a drawdown of 3 to 6 m. An attempt has been made to know the behaviour of groundwater levels during the same period as that of land use land cover. The results indicate a 74 % depletion in groundwater levels with an average annual depletion of 21 %. An interrelationship between urban growth and groundwater levels has been established in this study. This analysis indicates that as agriculture declined water levels also depleted and have a positive correlation of 0.852. On the contrary, as the built-up increased water level has depleted hence have a negative relationship with a correlation coefficient of -0.851. To make it a sustainable resource, these overexploited aquifers need careful participatory management by communities, Scientists, and policymakers.
... Wildfire hazards from heat stress were assessed by Vitolo et al. [57], leveraging CEMS data-sets for fire danger forecasts (produced by ECMWF, which has the role of computational forecast center of the CEMS), in order to launch a multi-hazard early warning system. Romero et al. [58] proposed a method for monitoring post-event floods and landslides along coastlines, leveraging the integration with Copernicus S-1 SAR products, together with ERS 1 and 2 satellite mission (https://Earth.esa.int/eogateway/missions/ers/descrip tion, accessed on 10 November 2021) data. ...
... Carlà et al. [55] slope events risk forecasts S-1 Devries et al. [56] floods risk forecasts S-1 Vitolo et al. [57] wildfires risk forecasts CEMS Romero et al. [58] floods and landslides post event risk analysis S-1 ...
... This aspect is equally valid in the monitoring of natural disasters [51][52][53][54][55][56][59][60][61][62] and emergencies [57,59,61,111], where time-series are used to carry out precautionary assessments with a preventive approach in estimating the risk that a given event may or may not occur in the forecast. Romero et al. [58] adopted satellite products from inactive missions (i.e., ERS 1 and 2) for the creation of time series for monitoring coastlines, producing flood-risk maps, which consider catastrophic events with a longer return time, taking into account the history of the territory. ...
The European Programme Copernicus, one of the principal sources of free and open Earth Observation (EO) data, intends to sustain social and economic advancements to the European Union. To this end, User Uptake initiatives have been undertaken to increase Copernicus awareness, dissemination, and competencies, thus supporting the development of downstream applications. As part of the activities performed in the EO-UPTAKE project, we illustrate a set of application scenario workflows exemplifying usage practices of the data and tools available in the Copernicus ecosystem. Through the know-how gained in the design and development of the application scenarios and the bibliographic analysis on downstream applications, we discuss a series of practical recommendations to promote the use of Copernicus resources towards a wider audience of end-users boosting the development of new EO applications along with some advice to data providers to improve their publication practices.
... The launch of European Space Agency (ESA) Copernicus Program and its particular SAR mission Sentinel-1 in April 2014 brought up new opportunities in terms of near real-time flood disaster monitoring, flood extent mapping and emergency management [37][38][39]. Given the new improved capabilities in terms of global coverage, free availability, 3-6 days revisit time and 10 m spatial resolution, Sentinel-1 SAR imagery proved its efficiency in numerous disaster-related studies that focused on similar topics [40][41][42][43][44]. Moreover, the practice of using Sentinel-1 SAR data in combination with cloud-free ESA Sentinel-2 optical imagery (when available) can lead to more acurate flood hazard and flood risk analysis products, such as spatio-temporal inundation maps [45]. ...
... Smooth open water or flooded areas act as ideal specular reflectors and are characterized by Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 4934 6 of 21 low SAR backscatter values [43,51]. Therefore, in SAR imagery, the water covered surfaces appear black [62]. ...
In this study, an alternative solution for flood risk management in complex cross-border regions is presented. In these cases, due to different flood risk management legislative approaches, there is a lack of joint cooperation between the involved countries. As a main consequence, LiDAR-derived digital elevation models and accurate flood hazard maps obtained by means of hydrological and hydraulic modeling are missing or are incomplete. This is also the case for the Prut River, which acts as a natural boundary between European Union (EU) member Romania and non-EU countries Ukraine and Republic of Moldova. Here, flood hazard maps were developed under the European Floods Directive (2007/60/EC) only for the Romanian territory and only for the 1% exceeding probability (respectively floods that can occur once every 100 years). For this reason, in order to improve the flood hazard management in the area and consider all cross-border territories, a fully remote sensing approach was considered. Using open-source SAR Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data characterized by an improved temporal resolution, we managed to capture the maximum spatial extent of a flood event that took place in the aforementioned river sector (middle Prut River course) during the 24th and 27th of June 2020. Moreover, by means of flood frequency analysis, the development of a transboundary flood hazard map with an assigned probability, specific to the maximum flow rate recorded during the event, was realized.
... Data provided by earth-observing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites enables mapping the disaster extent in semi-real-time with a higher resolution and is of great importance for flood exposure analysis and mitigation efforts and future hazards assessments and management. This is due to SAR sensors' all-weather day and night image acquisition abilities and broad spatial coverage, frequency, and repeat intervals (Alvan Romero et al., 2020;Clement et al., 2018;Sherpa et al., 2020). Unlike other space-based techniques such as optical satellites, SAR works as a significant resource for inundation mapping even in the presence of clouds, which is often the case, especially during compound events such as extreme rainfall and flooding. ...
Extreme precipitation and flooding often lead to human and economic losses. However, the high‐resolution nationwide flooding exposure data are scarce. Availability of all‐weather space‐borne SAR satellite data can potentially improve the ability to generate high‐resolution flood map extent and exposure globally. In Iran, flooding is a major concern, given the socioeconomic vulnerabilities and increased likelihood of climate extremes. Iran experienced extreme flooding during January to March 2019, attributed to significant precipitation during October 2018 to March 2019, which is well above the long‐term averages for 1999–2019. Using Pettitt and Mann Kendall tests, nationwide precipitation records were identified by significant decreasing and increasing trends in north and south, respectively. Utilizing 673 Sentinel‐1 SAR intensity images, we applied a fast‐marching algorithm for image segmentation in combination with a Bayesian framework to obtain high‐resolution probabilistic flood maps. We found, 22, 9, and 15 states in January, February, and March, respectively, experienced flooding that covered >15% of their area with high flooded area percent in the northwestern and southeastern region. We estimated that >15, >11.32, and >11.33 million people were exposed to floods in January, February, and March, respectively. Our datasets inform flooding models and management efforts under increasing climate extremes and changing land use and cover.
... Being able to identify the areas affected by floods is an essential task for good post-disaster management. In this task, satellite images are of great help, as they give a global vision of the entire area under study [5]. An important task is the segmentation of the image to identify the most affected areas. ...
Floods are present in our world and affect the population. That is why authorities must be prepared to establish a plan for risk reduction and disaster management. However, there is no specialized technical staff, and the information and resources necessary are dispersed in different web sites in the cloud. That is why one proposes a platform called FloolBox that includes a Checklist of the actions to be carried out to establish a good plan and the link to the tools necessary to develop each step. It is accompanied by an intuitive and easy-to-use image segmentation tool to identify affected areas. One hopes that this platform will be of great help to decision-makers in the face of disasters.
