FIGURE 2
(a) Map of the Oder River and its tributaries with the location of sampling sites: O: Oder; In: Ina; Ms: Myśla; W: Warta; Oh: OderHavel Canal; Os: Oder-Spree Canal; Nl: Nysa Łużycka; Br: Bóbr; K: Kwisa; Ol: Ołobok; Oc: Obrzyca; Ru: Rudna; Ba: Barycz; J: Jezierzyca; Kc: Kaczawa; Sr: Średzka Woda; B: Bystrzyca; Wd: Widawa; S: Ślęza; Oa: Oława; Nk: Nysa Kłodzka; Mp: Mała Panew; Kl: Kłodnica/Gliwice Canal; R: Ruda. For coordinates of sampling sites, see Tables 1 and 2. Mine water pipelines are indicated in pink. (b) Scheme to show discharges of the Oder tributaries expressed as percentage contributions to the total water discharge of the Oder River (calculated from SSQ values; data taken from Jokiel & Stanisławczyk, 2016, and references therein). Tributaries with a contribution below 1% and inflows of mine waters are omitted
Source publication
This study uses Sr isotope composition (87Sr/86Sr) and Sr content of waters of the Oder, one of the largest rivers in central Europe, to fingerprint natural and anthropogenic contributions to its Sr budget and to evaluate water mixing processes in its hydrological system. It also demonstrates a simple method of quantifying natural and anthropogenic...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... Oder River takes drainage from a water- shed of 118,861 km 2 , encompassing a large area in Poland and small parts of Czech Republic and Germany (Figure 1). Its fluvial system is visualized in Figure 2a. Over 40 rivers and streams feed the Oder, among which the Warta, Bóbr, Nysa Łużycka (German: Lausitzer the Warta River, which drains an area larger than 50,000 km 2 and pro- vides about 42% of the total discharge of the Oder (Figure 2b). ...
Context 2
... fluvial system is visualized in Figure 2a. Over 40 rivers and streams feed the Oder, among which the Warta, Bóbr, Nysa Łużycka (German: Lausitzer the Warta River, which drains an area larger than 50,000 km 2 and pro- vides about 42% of the total discharge of the Oder (Figure 2b). Very recently, the fluvial system of the Warta and its Sr budget was summa- rized by Zieliński et al. (2017). ...
Context 3
... refuse from many years of mining and metal working activities is also a source of sizeable pollution by potentially toxic metals. Large sources of municipal pollution are Ostrava, Opole, Wrocław, Zielona Góra, Eisenhüttenstadt, Frankfurt/O, and the city of Szczecin (Figure 2a). ...
Context 4
... Oder River drains a geologically complex area that includes frag- ments of principal components of the mid-European lithosphere: the Variscan basement, the very thick Permo-Mesozoic infill of the Mid- Polish Trough, and the Cenozoic sedimentary cover. The Oder River and its left-side tributaries originate in the Sudetes (Figure 2a), which represent the eastern termination of the Variscan Orogenic Belt. The Sudetes form a structural collage of tectonostratigraphic units (ter- ranes), which was shaped, predominantly, during the Variscan orogeny and later subjected to Permo-Mesozoic extension and basin inversion (Franke & Żelaźniewicz, 2000). ...
Context 5
... water of the Oder was collected at 16 sites distributed along the entire course of the river. Water samples were also taken at mouths of several main and small tributaries (Figure 2a), as well as at outlets of canals (the Oder-Havel Canal, the Oder-Spree Canal, and the Kłodnica/Gliwice Canal). A more detailed sampling was carried out for Sudetic rivers because of complexity of their geological bedrock. ...
Context 6
... Warta River, the largest tributary of the Oder, is geochemi- cally diverse and complex ( Zieliński et al., 2017). At the confluence with the Oder, it has Sr characteristics similar to that of the master However, in the middle course of the river, there are two artificial res- ervoirs, Otmuchów and Nysa lakes (Figure 2a), which are responsible for mixing of seasonal run-offs and thus for invariable geochemical composition of water downstream throughout the year. ...
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Over geological timescales, CO2 levels are determined by the operation of the long term carbon cycle, and it is generally thought that changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration have controlled variations in Earth's surface temperature over the Phanerozoic Eon. Here we compile independent estimates for global average surface temperature and atmospher...
Citations
... As a result, these deposits consistently display highly radiogenic compositions, with 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios higher than 0.72 (Zieli nski et al., 2016(Zieli nski et al., , 2021. In contrast, the waters of rivers and lakes in western Poland show a wide range of less radiogenic Sr signatures, from 0.7091 to 0.7126 (Zieli nski et al., 2017(Zieli nski et al., , 2018. Thus, excluding atmospheric waters-which have a constant Sr isotope composition of approximately 0.7092-surface waters represent the most unradiogenic element in the natural environment of western Poland, whereas the geological substrate constitutes its most radiogenic component. ...
The neodymium (Nd) isotope composition of stone casting moulds found in graves of Bronze Age 'itinerant smiths' in western Poland was analysed to determine the provenance of their raw materials. For the first time in archaeological research, the Nd model age (T DM)-a highly useful parameter in studying the provenance of geological materials-has been applied. Nd data revealed that the material for making casting moulds came from the Sudetes. Additionally, the results of strontium isotope analysis in human remains indicated that the metallurgists were neither born nor spent their early childhood in the areas where they were buried.
... As a result, these deposits consistently display highly radiogenic compositions, with 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios higher than 0.72 (Zieli nski et al., 2016(Zieli nski et al., , 2021. In contrast, the waters of rivers and lakes in western Poland show a wide range of less radiogenic Sr signatures, from 0.7091 to 0.7126 (Zieli nski et al., 2017(Zieli nski et al., , 2018. Thus, excluding atmospheric waters-which have a constant Sr isotope composition of approximately 0.7092-surface waters represent the most unradiogenic element in the natural environment of western Poland, whereas the geological substrate constitutes its most radiogenic component. ...
The neodymium (Nd) isotope composition of stone casting moulds found in graves of Bronze Age ‘itinerant smiths’ in western Poland was analysed to determine the provenance of their raw materials. For the first time in archaeological research, the Nd model age (T DM )—a highly useful parameter in studying the provenance of geological materials—has been applied. Nd data revealed that the material for making casting moulds came from the Sudetes. Additionally, the results of strontium isotope analysis in human remains indicated that the metallurgists were neither born nor spent their early childhood in the areas where they were buried.
... The Qingyi river basin (QRB) is situated in eastern China downstream of the Yangtze River, covering an area of 7195 km 2 (Fig. 1). The river flows from south to north, spanning a total length of 275 km and discharging into the Yangtze River at Wuhu city, with a mean runoff of 165.9 m 3 /s (Zhu, 2007). The topography of the QRB comprises medium mountain terrain in the upstream, low mountain terrain in the midstream and western margin of the downstream, and hilly and plain areas in the downstream. ...
... There is a broadly positive correlation between 1/Sr and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios with 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios higher than 0.7092, as well as a tendency towards rainwater for the E groundwater (Fig. 9b), suggesting that Sr is derived from both carbonate, silicate minerals and rainwater (Chapman et al., 2013;Zieliński et al., 2018). Alternatively, if the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios are restricted to under 0.7092, progressive carbonate minerals dissolution is likely to account for the positive correlation between 1/Sr and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios (Dogramaci and Herczeg, 2002;Wang et al., 2006), which is not seen in Fig. 9b, probably indicating that mixing between carbonate and silicate weathering in regionally domain the hydrogeochemical processes in the QRB. ...
... This can be done by analysing the Sr isotope composition of the geological substrate (rocks, sediments, soils), surface and/or ground waters, and samples of plants and animals. Recent studies, however, showed that the Sr isotope system of modern environments, i.e., its surface waters, flora and fauna, can be influenced by inputs of Sr from various anthropogenic sources [67,[72][73][74]. Therefore, caution is needed if Sr isotope signatures of modern samples are used. ...
European Bronze Age societies are generally characterised by increased mobility and the application of isotopic methods to archaeology has allowed the rate and range of human travels to be quantified. However, little is known about the mobility of the people inhabiting East-Central Europe in the late Early and Middle Bronze Age (1950–1250 BC) whose primary subsistence strategy was herding supported by crop cultivation. This paper presents the results of strontium (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) isotope analyses in the enamel of people buried in collective graves at the cemeteries in Gustorzyn and Żerniki Górne. These sites are located in Kujawy and the Nida Basin, a lowland and an upland region with clearly different environmental conditions, respectively. Both sites are classified as belonging to the Trzciniec cultural circle and were used between 16th and 13th centuries BC. Among the 34 examined individuals only an adult female from Gustorzyn can be assessed as non-local based on both ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and δ¹⁸O signatures in her first molar. This may indicate the practice of exogamy in the studied population but more generally corresponds with the hypothesis of limited mobility within these societies, as has previously been inferred from archaeological evidence, anthropological analysis, and stable isotope-based diet reconstruction. New and existing data evaluated in this paper show that the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr variability in the natural environment of both regions is relatively high, allowing the tracking of short-range human mobility. A series of oxygen isotope analyses (conducted for all but one individuals studied with strontium isotopes) indicates that δ¹⁸O ratios measured in phosphate are in agreement with the predicted modern oxygen isotope precipitation values, and that this method is useful in detecting travels over larger distances. The challenges of using both ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and δ¹⁸O isotopic systems in provenance studies in the glacial landscapes of temperate Europe are also discussed.
... Price et al. 2002). These differences arise from the differential weathering of minerals and from the addition of strontium from other sources such as dust, sea salt deposition, or fertilizers (Böhlke and Horan 2000;Zieliński et al. 2018;Bataille et al. 2018; Thomsen and Andreasen 2019). ...
... However, the variability of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios and strontium concentrations in the Freiberger Mulde catchment is higher for smaller tributaries than for the main stream and highest for groundwater samples (Fig. 2b, c). In comparison with stream water, groundwater is probably much more influenced by very local geologic phenomena like faults, ore lodes, volcanic dykes, and anthropogenic pollution such as fertilizers (Böhlke and Horan 2000; Thomsen and Andreasen 2019), mine waters (Zieliński et al. 2018), or other groundwater contamination (Nigro et al. 2017). Still, in contrast to completely stationary proxies like plant leaves, roots, or soils, a slightly reduced variability in groundwater can be assumed due to some horizontal and vertical groundwater flow (Ladegaard-Pedersen et al. 2020). ...
... These sediments were deposited within the Southern Permian Basin. The southern rim of the Basin was situated close to the recent Fichtelgebirge/Erzgebirge, and the depocenter with the highest sediment thicknesses was located close to the coast line of the recent Baltic Sea (Ziegler 1990) so that the sediment thickness decreased towards South. ...
In this study, we present a new ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isoscape map of Central and NE Germany. This area is characterized by an alternation of sedimentary basins and mountainous regions with a very variable lithology. Since lithology and rock age have a major impact on the isotopic composition of biologically available strontium, Central and NE Germany should reveal highly variable ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios. From lithological characteristics, particularly high ratios are expected in the mountainous regions of the Erzgebirge/Fichtelgebirge and the Harz Mountains. In contrast to these predictions, published ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isoscape maps of Central and NE Germany record rather uniform and low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios. From this observation, we suspected that existing isoscape maps might be computed from an insufficient database, with mountainous regions being underrepresented. Our goal was to gather ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr baselines for each major lithology of Central and NE Germany and to produce an accurate isoscape map of Central and NE Germany. In the first step, we evaluated the suitability of stream water and groundwater as a proxy for biologically available strontium. In a selected watershed, we present mixing relationships and a stream network model. We show that groundwater is prone to very local geologic and anthropogenic influences and should thus be avoided. Instead, we focussed our further sampling on stream water. Altogether, we used 119 new measurements of groundwater and stream water and a set of 23 auxiliary variables as a database for our new isoscape map of Central and NE Germany. Due to a sampling strategy that focussed on covering each major lithology, our measurements and the final isoscape map show a clear contrast between sedimentary basins and mountainous regions. For regions that have been sufficiently sampled, a direct comparison of the isoscape map with published and new data shows good agreement. Although Central and NE Germany were part of published isoscape maps, our new map is the first that predicts ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios in mountainous regions with high accuracy.
... For example, seasonal variations in water-rock interaction time (Rai and Singh, 2007;Tipper et al., 2006c;Tripathy et al., 2010), changes in the dominant fluid flow path (Calmels et al., 2011;Torres et al., 2015), solute supply from different lithological units (Bickle et al., 2003;Boral et al., 2021;Chao et al., 2015), or input from additional sources (e.g. plant litter, dust, mine water) (Hindshaw et al., 2019;Pett-Ridge et al., 2009;Zieliń ski et al., 2018) temporal variations in river water chemistry within a single catchment. In addition to these hydrologic processes impacting the inputs, secondary processes such as cation exchange (Tipper et al., 2021), adsorption by clay minerals (Michalopoulos and Aller, 1995), secondary mineral neoformation (carbonates, silicates, and oxides) (Jacobson et al., 2002), plant growth (Berner, 1997) can also vary in response to changing hydrological conditions (Clow and Mast, 2010;Maher, 2011), but they can be hard to identify based on only the dissolved concentrations of major and trace elements (Pett-Ridge et al., 2009). ...
To assess how chemical weathering processes in large high-relief river systems respond to climatic variability , we studied seasonal changes in radiogenic strontium (87 Sr/ 86 Sr) and stable calcium (d 44/40 Ca) and magnesium (d 26 Mg) isotopes in the Jinsha and Yalong rivers, which drain the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. During the low-runoff season, with discharge (Q) < 2000 m 3 /s, the river waters reflect the Sr, Ca, and Mg isotope signatures of recharge meltwaters, with additional isotope fractionation signals for Ca and Mg related to secondary mineral precipitation, which might imply that meltwater flushes soil solutions from the soil. During medium-runoff intervals (2000 m 3 /s < Q < 4000 m 3 /s), the Sr, Ca, and Mg isotope signatures in the Jinsha river waters are similar to those of the headwaters, which are influenced by evaporite dissolution, while the Yalong is affected by greater carbonate weathering relative to silicate weathering. In both rivers, bedrock dissolution governs the chemical composition of the river waters. During the high-runoff season (Q > 4000 m 3 /s), storms generate rapid overland flow, which transfers large volumes of soil into the rivers, such that soil weathering plays an important role in regulating riverine chemical compositions. At these times, the riverine Ca and Sr isotope evolution is influenced by secondary mineral dissolution and sediment-water cation exchange. Overall, this study highlights the potential of combining multiple isotope systems (Sr, Ca, Mg) to trace the dynamics of water-rock interaction under variable hydrological conditions.
... Previous researches have demonstrated that the quick seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio rise during the last 2 Ma is primarily attributed to the alteration of strontium entering the sea from coastal watershed (Capo, Stewart & Chadwick, 1998;Peucker-Ehrenbrink & Fiske, 2019). Therefore, dissolved Sr flux in a coastal watershed could reveal the potential Sr isotope evolution in the ocean (Zieli nski et al., 2018). Although previous studies have already explored numerous hydro-geochemical and isotopic characteristics of the world largest rivers (Gaillardet et al., 1999;Mortatti & Probst, 2003;Singh, Kumar & France-Lanord, 2006;Yang et al., 2021;Zeng, Han & Yang, 2020), further systematic investigations of Sr isotopic geochemical characteristics in typical coastal watershed are still in urgent need to be accurately constrained for better understanding of marine records. ...
Coastal watershed are essential in transporting dissolved loads from terrestrial biogeochemical process of surface environment to the adjacent oceans. The solute chemistry of coastal river water contains significant information about environmental processes under the impact of both natural lithology and anthropogenic pressure. In this study, strontium (Sr) isotopes and water chemistry data of the Jiulongjiang (JLJ) river water were analyzed in detail to trace the contribution of bedrock weathering, and quantify Sr flux to the East China Sea (ECS). The dissolved Sr contents ranged 0.07-0.90 μmol L-1 and greatly fluctuated where tributaries encountered, and 87Sr/86Sr values relatively fluctuated between 0.7140 and 0.7514. Silicate weathering was identified to be the predominant contribution of riverine dissolved loads. Strontium flux to the ocean in dry season was estimated to be 689.2 tons per year, implying an essential influence on oceanic strontium evolution. In accordance with forward model, the silicate weathering rate and CO2 consumption rate were 55.7 tons km-2 per year and 16.9×105 mol km-2 per year, respectively, slightly higher than world average. Considering anthropogenic impacts alongside the river, the integrated effect of lower runoff and longer retention time of river water in dry season may aggravate weathering processes. Although CO2 sink by silicate weathering in JLJ seems less than the sink in world’s central reservoirs, it should still be taken into consideration for coastal carbon budget. These findings highlight the use of geochemical characteristics of strontium and its isotopes in identifying weathering process and output flux to the ocean, which provides basic data for sustainable coastal water resource management.
... Радиогенные изотопные отношения стронция 87 Sr/ 86 Sr широко используются для выявления источников стронция и исследования его поведения в (био)геохимических циклах. Так, изотопы стронция являются надежным инструментом идентификации взаимодействия водных бассейнов и водоносных горизонтов в различных гидрологических системах (поверхностные, подземные воды) [Frost, Toner, 2004;Zieliński et al., 2018]. В экологических исследованиях изотопы стронция маркируют антропогенный вклад от минеральных удобрений, рудничных, промышленных сточных и муниципальных канализационных вод, а также жидкостей гидроразрыва [Zieliński et al., 2018]. ...
... Так, изотопы стронция являются надежным инструментом идентификации взаимодействия водных бассейнов и водоносных горизонтов в различных гидрологических системах (поверхностные, подземные воды) [Frost, Toner, 2004;Zieliński et al., 2018]. В экологических исследованиях изотопы стронция маркируют антропогенный вклад от минеральных удобрений, рудничных, промышленных сточных и муниципальных канализационных вод, а также жидкостей гидроразрыва [Zieliński et al., 2018]. Отношения 87 Sr/ 86 Sr позволяют подтверждать происхождение или выявлять контрафактную продукцию растительного и животного происхождения (сыр, вино, соки, кофе, оливковое масло), а также минеральную воду. ...
Sr/ ⁸⁶ Sr isotopic ratios are widely used to identify strontium sources and study strontium behaviour in(bio)geochemical cycles. ⁸⁷ Sr/ ⁸⁶ Sr in surface waters can reflect the average composition of bioavailable (i.e. available forfurther absorption by plants and animals) strontium in the catchment specific area. Based on those ⁸⁷ Sr/ ⁸⁶ Sr ratios, theregional maps of the bioavailable strontium distribution (strontium isoscapes) can be compiled. A complex block structurecharacterizes the Ural mountain system. Individual parts (blocks) are composed of rocks of various ages, genesis andgeochemical characteristics, which can radically change at a distance of several tens of kilometres. Such variability wouldbe reflected in strontium isotopic ratios, thus making it possible to determine the local isotopic signatures of bioavailablestrontium.
This work aimed to study ⁸⁷ Sr/ ⁸⁶ Sr in the water in the rivers of the Southern Urals. We determined the contents andisotopic ratios of strontium in river water samples collected from the territories of the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regionsand the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2019–2020.
For the first time in the surface water of the rivers in the Southern Urals (Ural, Belaya, Tobol, Karagaily-Ayat, Sim, andothers), the ⁸⁷ Sr/ ⁸⁶ Sr isotopic ratios have been determined, and their variations have been analyzed. ⁸⁷ Sr/ ⁸⁶ Sr values varyin the range 0.70666–0.71063 (average 0.70908) for the rivers of the Urals basin, 0.70749–0.71058 (average 0.70924)for the Kama-Volga basin, 0.70946–0.71176 (average 0.71071) for the Tobol basin. Such features of the strontium isotopiccomposition may be due to the influence of underlying rocks of the catchment area drained by river water. The dataobtained can be used to identify the sources of strontium input into the water system during hydrological and environmentalstudies; to confirm the authenticity of food products of plant and animal origin; to carry out comparisons in thestudies of the migration of ancient people and animals, as well as to determine the raw material areas for the productionof vegetable and woollen textiles and wooden products in antiquity.
... The presence of the salinity-indicating taxon Hydrobia trochulus, as known from the saline Ries crater lake, therefore appears questionable. In any case, hydrobiid gastropods are not abundant or characteristic components of the (Ufrecht & H€ olzl, 2006), pond water on Braunjura claystone of the Steinheim crater (T€ utken et al., 2006), and modern river water on Saxothuringian bedrock (Zieli nski et al., 2018). Georgensgm€ und Formation. ...
... The presence of the salinity-indicating taxon Hydrobia trochulus, as known from the saline Ries crater lake, therefore appears questionable. In any case, hydrobiid gastropods are not abundant or characteristic components of the (Ufrecht & H€ olzl, 2006), pond water on Braunjura claystone of the Steinheim crater (T€ utken et al., 2006), and modern river water on Saxothuringian bedrock (Zieli nski et al., 2018). Georgensgm€ und Formation. ...
The identification and distinction of fluvial from lacustrine deposits and the recognition of catchment changes are crucial for the reconstruction of climate changes in terrestrial environments. The investigated drill core succession shows a general evolution from red–brown claystones to white–grey marlstones and microcrystalline limestones, which all have previously been considered as relict deposits of an impact ejecta‐dammed lake, falling within the mid‐Miocene Climate Transition. However, recent mammal biostratigraphic dating, suggests a likely pre‐impact age. Indeed, no pebbles from impact ejecta have been detected, only local clasts of Mesozoic formations, in addition to rare Palaeozoic lydites, have been found outside of the study area. Lithofacies analysis demonstrates only the absence of lacustrine criteria, except for one charophyte‐bearing mudstone. Instead, the succession is characterized by less diagnostic floodplain fines with palaeosols, palustrine limestones with root voids and intercalated thin sandstone beds. Carbonate isotope signatures of the mottled marlstones, palustrine limestones and mud‐supported conglomerates substantiate the interpretation of a fluvial setting: Low, invariant δ¹⁸Ocarb reflects a short water residence time and highly variable δ¹³Ccarb indicates a variable degree of pedogenesis. Carbonate ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the entire succession show a unidirectional trend from 0.7103 to 0.7112, indicating a change of the source of solutes from Triassic to Jurassic rocks, identical to the provenance trend from extraclasts. The increase in carbonate along the succession is therefore independent from climate changes but reflects a base‐level rise from the level of the siliciclastic Upper Triassic to the carbonate‐bearing Lower to Middle Jurassic bedrocks. This study demonstrates that, when information on sedimentary architecture is limited, a combination of facies criteria (i.e. presence or absence of specific sedimentary structures and diagnostic organisms), component provenance, and stable and radiogenic isotopes is required to unequivocally distinguish between lacustrine and fluvial sediments, and to disentangle regional geological effects in the catchment and climate influences.
