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![(a) Geographical location of Benghazi-Libya [8]. (b) Zone location of Benghazi Libya [9]. Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels.](profile/John-Sheffield-2/publication/263968878/figure/fig4/AS:669688249982987@1536677529596/a-Geographical-location-of-Benghazi-Libya-8-b-Zone-location-of-Benghazi-Libya-9.png)
(a) Geographical location of Benghazi-Libya [8]. (b) Zone location of Benghazi Libya [9]. Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels.
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![Fig. 1. (a) Geographical location of Benghazi-Libya [8]. (b) Zone...](profile/John-Sheffield-2/publication/263968878/figure/fig4/AS:669688249982987@1536677529596/a-Geographical-location-of-Benghazi-Libya-8-b-Zone-location-of-Benghazi-Libya-9_Q320.jpg)
![(a) Geographical location of Benghazi-Libya [8]. (b) Zone location of...](profile/John-Sheffield-2/publication/263968878/figure/fig1/AS:268785890361353@1441094958916/a-Geographical-location-of-Benghazi-Libya-8-b-Zone-location-of-Benghazi-Libya-9_Q320.jpg)
![MSW generation and management chain [7].](profile/John-Sheffield-2/publication/263968878/figure/fig2/AS:268876533465107@1441116569809/MSW-generation-and-management-chain-7_Q320.jpg)
The Energy requirement pattern of world is growing up and developing technology. The available sources, while exhausting and not friendly to the environment, it is highly used. Looking at partial supply and different option of environment problems associated with usage, renewable energy sources are getting attention. MSW (Municipal solid waste) com...
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... case study. In nature, Benghazi is located in the north- eastern of Libya at coordinates (32107 0 N 20104 0 E) with an area of 314 km 2 , it is on the Mediterranean Sea at Gulf of Sidra in the north of Africa. Benghazi is the second largest city in Libya, dominating the eastern Cyrenaica region, and is the capital of the district of Benghazi. (Fig. 1a and b). Mild winters (5-18 1C) and dry, hot summers (23-36 1C), typical of the Mediterranean climate, define the weather in Benghazi-Libya ...
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In order to achieve the goals of the circular economy, energy is seen as a key element, especially when it is extracted from clean and accessible renewable sources, such as various types of wastes. Incineration is one of the possible methods for wastes treatment, which is increasingly used to utilize their energy potential. In this regard, the curr...
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... 75 The techniques of biomass to energy conversion are categorized into three ways namely landfill, biological treatment, and thermal treatment. 76 produces syngas, pyrolysis produces bio-fuels and incineration produces heat energy. Syngas and heat energy can be utilized for generating power. ...
Climate change threats demand unprecedented economic shifts around the world, including a fundamental transformation of the global energy system. An energy transition is underway in most regions, predominantly in the power sector. This research depicts the energy transition pathway for achieving 100% renewable energy systems through bioenergy in Pakistan. The growth rate of 20%, 30%, and 40% in biomass projects were considered for the study period 2023 to 2053 using the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) software. It presents a technology‐rich, multi‐sectoral and cost‐optimal energy transition pathway for limiting global mean temperature below 1.5°C. The results revealed that Pakistan's electricity generation undergoes a rapidly evolving transition from predominantly fossil fuels 62.1% in 2023 to 81.3% renewables in 2053, and entirely zero CO2 emissions by 2060. Hydro source is costly, wind and solar sources are seasonal so biomass emerges as the major electricity supply source in a cost optimal energy transition of Pakistan. Share of biomass is increasing from a mere 0.81% in 2023 to around 9.44% by 2053 under the 20% growth rate, which then increase to 39.67% by 2053 under the 30% growth rate and further increases to 78.33% by 2053 under the 40% growth rate. Pakistan contributes 0.8% of the global carbon footprint, but we are among the 10 most climate‐stressed countries on the planet in 2023 so this study helps to reduce cumulative CO2 emissions from 151.63 million metric tons to 8.90 million metric tons from 2023 to 2053 across the power, heat, transport, and desalination sectors.
... The utilization of biomass through the use of efficient technologies allows us to reduce the quantity of biomass and provide benefits like electricity, useable heat, and fuel [37]. The techniques of Biomass to Energy (BTE) conversion are categorized into three ways namely landfill, biological treatment, and thermal treatment as given in Fig. 1 [38]. ...
Due to the recent climate change, organizations all over the globe are developing plans for reducing carbon emissions by developing clean energy technologies and energy efficient devices. In this regard, the developments have not been done over the past two decades on green energy in Pakistan and in general, the representation of renewable sources especially biomass feedstock supply such as agriculture residue, forest residue, municipal waste and animal waste for green energy transition pathways is limited. Using the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP®) software, path for green energy transition is analyzed in Pakistan by incorporating the biomass feedstock under the ongoing and sustainable energy scenarios from 2022 to 2050. Results showed that the bioelectricity production will increase from 18.73 TWh (in the ongoing scenario) to the 265.20 TWh (in the biomass based sustainable energy scenario) till 2050. Furthermore, the development of biomass plants would help in reducing the CO2 emissions from 138.47 million metric tonnes in the current scenario to 8.71 million metric tonnes in the sustainable energy scenario by 2050. This study will provide the fundamental data and aid the policy makers and other stakeholders to shift toward developing renewable and sustainable energy systems in Pakistan.
... Energy recovery from wastes can be achieved through two processes: biological and thermo-chemical processes. The first one includes anaerobic digestion and fermentation, while the second includes combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification [13,14]. However, the majority of waste-to-energy (WtE) facilities are focused on thermal treatment technologies and particularly on combustion processes [10]. ...
Wastes are usually thought of as unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or considered worthless, defective, and of no use. The term is often subjective, as not every application has identical raw material requirements and sometimes even objectively inaccurate. A starting point towards managing waste is the division in basic categories, ranging from municipal and agricultural waste to radioactive and explosive waste. Through proper collection of municipal solid waste, very important metals and other valuable sources can be recovered and used in new products, thus achieving significantly lower production cost and environmental impact. Success stories in waste management are reported in countries around the world. These typically showcase optimal waste transformation to wealth. Furthermore, applied waste management methods are specified. These actions should be adapted by every organization handling waste. At a managerial level, these must be considered as potential resources, commodities with significant economic, environmental and sociological added value. This paper attempts to identify and present the valuable resources and products that exist in waste streams, focusing mainly on their monetary value, based on data recovered from literature and raw materials stock markets. Municipal solid waste and non-hazardous commercial and industrial wastes are considered in this context. The methodology followed was based on identification and analysis of cities-communities and countries that have successfully adopted waste management policies towards circular economy and waste to wealth transformation.
... Before starting discussions about specific details of electrical water heaters, a brief historical review on alternative solutions is necessary. Many studies have been carried out on heat recovery systems or waste burning systems in order to reduce the use of electricity [9][10][11][12][13]. Other alternative systems are based on solar energy which is completely a renewable energy. ...
In the context of a world energy crisis, the only solution to control the situation is in the management of energy. One of the most important management keys is the optimization of electrical components. This article presents a complete numerical and experimental study aiming for the optimization of electrical water heaters for household use. The optimization conceives the minimization of energy consumption simultaneously with the minimization of time to heat water. Firstly, a thermal model well adapted for the case of heaters is constructed and validated experimentally and then a parametric study is conducted covering all the input power, the volume and the external area of the heater. Results are promising, showing significant energy savings are possible with an optimum setting of these parameters, thus presenting a firm tool for the optimization of heaters.
... According to the projections of the Libya National Statistics Office (LNSO), Benghazi has a population of 631,555 inhabitants with a density of 2,000 inhabitants per square kilometre, the highest in Libya [18]. Benghazi is a magnet for the migrants coming from different regions of the country -from the south, east, and even from the west -due to its vigorous economy. ...
... In this study, thermodynamic and kinematic analyses of bell crank, slider crank, rhombic and scotch yoke drive mechanisms were performed for a beta type Stirling engine with a swept volume of 365 cm 3 . The kinematic analyses of Stirling engines with these different drive mechanisms were investigated by using the MSC Adams program, and the pressure-volume variations depending on the crankshaft angle were determined by using the isothermal analysis method. ...
... It is an extremely important criterion that these machines will produce maximum power from the sources they use, and release less emission. Developed countries see the use of alternative energy as the most important way of reducing environmental pollution and energy costs [3][4][5]. In 1800s, the water pumps used in coal mines and in quarries operated with steam engines. ...
... In this study, thermodynamic analyses of bell crank, slider crank, rhombic and scotch yoke drive mechanisms were performed under the same conditions for a beta type Stirling engine with a swept volume of 365 cm 3 . As a result of the conducted analyses, the following conclusions may be made for bell crank, slider crank, rhombic and scotch yoke drive mechanisms. ...
In this study, thermodynamic and kinematic analyses of bell crank, slider crank, rhombic and scotch yoke drive mechanisms were performed for a beta type Stirling engine with a swept volume of 365 cm3. The kinematic analyses of Stirling engines with these different drive mechanisms were investigated by using the MSC Adams program, and the pressure-volume variations depending on the crankshaft angle were determined by using the isothermal analysis method. It was determined that compression and expansion volume values of rhombic drive mechanism were close to each other, while compression volume value was extremely higher than expansion volume value in other drive mechanisms. For this reason, in this research conducted with working fluid of equal amount (m=0.000716 kg), for all of drive mechanisms, it was determined that engine with rhombic drive mechanism generates 19.2% net work more than the other drive mechanism. The masses of working fluid used in 1 bar charge pressure from engines with bell crank, slider crank, rhombic and scotch yoke drive mechanism were 0.000716 kg, 0.000737 kg, 0.000536 kg and 0.000724 kg, respectively. The net work amounts obtained as a result of the thermodynamic analyses made for the 1 bar charge pressure value in bell crank, slider crank, rhombic and scotch yoke drive mechanisms are 12.85 J, 12.44 J, 11.61 J and 13.05 J, respectively. In this research conducted with working fluid in the same charge pressure, it was determined that 10.8% less net work was obtained from engine with rhombic drive mechanism. Since all the changes of the volume in the bell crank, slider crank and scotch yoke drive mechanisms are very close to each other, the net work performance values obtained with the equal amount of working fluid and the same charge pressure values are also very close to each other.
... Simply, WtETs can be categorized as a thermo-chemical process (thermal treatment technologies), biochemical process (biological treatment technologies), and a chemical process (Amer et al. 2014;World Energy Council 2016), as shown in Table 1. ...
Currently, there are an estimated 1.3 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated per year globally, and this quantity is predicted to increase to 2.2 billion tonnes annually by 2025. If not well treated, this rapid growth of waste products can lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. Waste is potentially a misplaced valuable resource that can be converted and utilized in different ways such as renewable energy resources for the realization of sustainable development. Presently, waste-to-energy technologies (WtETs) are considered to be an encouraging advanced technology that is applied to convert MSW into a renewable energy resource (methane, biogas, biofuels or biodiesel, ethanol, syngas, or alcohol). WtETs can be biochemical (fermentation, anaerobic digestion, landfill with gas capture, and microbial fuel cell), thermochemical (incineration, thermal gasification, and pyrolysis), or chemical (esterification). This review mainly aims to provide an overview of the applications of these technologies by focusing on anaerobic digestion as biological (nonthermal) treatment technologies, and incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification processes as thermal treatment processes. Landfill gas utilization technologies, biological hydrogen production processes, and microbial fuel cells also are assessed. In addition, the contemporary risks and challenges of WtETs are reviewed.
... In today's world, characterized by continuously increasing energy demands, soaring energy prices and pressing ecological problems, WHRS stands out as an accessible and cost-effective solution to reducing consumption and improving efficiency [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]. It is defined as the capture of heat contained in fluids or gases of systems such as internal combustion engines, heat pumps, chillers, and power generators; heat that can be used to produce other forms of energy, otherwise would be lost. ...
This work discusses a waste heat recovery system (WHRS) applied to chimneys for heating water in residential buildings. A prototype illustrating the suggested system is implemented and tested. Different waste heat scenarios by varying the quantity of burned firewood (heat input) are experimented. The temperature at different parts of the WHRS and the gas flow rates of the exhaust pipes are measured. Measurements showed that the temperature of 95 L tank of water can be increased by 68 °C within one hour. Obtained results show that the convection and radiation exchanges at the bottom surface of the tank have a considerable impact on the total heat transfer rate of the water (as high as 70%).
The present study is intended to design and analyze a novel and efficient biomass fired combined cycle power plant, employing a topping air turbine block (fixed 500 kW output) and a bottoming transcritical CO2 turbine block (variable electrical output). Thermodynamic analysis reveals that the plant can deliver about 550 kW power with maximum efficiency of about 45%. Exergy analysis of the plant assesses that the majority of the input exergy is destroyed in the combined combustor-heat exchanger (CCHR) unit. Environmental parameter, i.e., sustainability index (SI) of the plant ranges between 1.4 and 1.7, depending on the plant operational parameters. Year-around CO2 savings from the plant is found significant when compared with a conventional coal based power plant of the same generation capacity. Which in turn, saves about 30,000 $ annually, in terms of environmental damage cost. Economic analysis of the plant indicates that unit cost of electricity ranges between 15 and 20 INR/kWh, depending on the operating conditions.KeywordsBiomassCO2 cycleCombined cycleExergy4-E analysis
