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(a) Fruiting bodies of the collected samples. 1= M3, 2=Assam, 3 =T1, 4=O, 5= Sap, 6= CN,7=H10, 8= K, 9=S1,10= AM,11= HN,12= N1,13= V, 14= N2,15= P2,16= T2,17= H1,18= C1,19= G2, 20=H2, 21=H4, 22= H7, 23= H6, 24=AP2
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Studies on the taxonomy and diversity of macrofungi have gained significance during the recent years, as many macrofungi are facing the risk of extinction because of habitat destruction. We report, here a systematic and detailed study on the diversity and distribution of wild mushrooms in the state of Assam, India, based on phenotypic and
molecular...
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... features of the carpophores pertaining to pileus, lamellae, stipe, etc. which play an important role in the taxonomy of macrofungi have been discussed. The photographs of the collected macrofungal samples are shown in Figure 2(a) and 2(b). The fruiting bodies of macrofungi were found to be distinctly different from each other. ...
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... The results of this study also showed that, of the 132 macro-fungal species, none were common to all seven sites and that only one of them (BCF), accounted for 30.3% (40) of the total. This finding may be explained by the fact that a variety of macrofungi are habitat specific [44] which is determined by the existing vegetation types [45]. ...
The current study was carried out at seven research sites in the mid-hills (900-2500m asl) across six districts in Bagmati province, central Nepal to analyze the variety and distribution of macrofungal communities. The survey was carried out in the wet seasons from August 2017 to September 2022, including frequent field visits to the selected forests. Various diversity indices were applied to ascertain the composition of the macrofungal communities in the study area. A total of 133 wild macrofungal species belonging to 80 genera, 50 families, and 19 orders were observed. The macrofungal population in the Bagmati province was dominated by Russula (10 spp.) and the family Russulaceae (14 spp.). Additionally, 50 edible, 28 inedible, and 12 potentially medicinally-mushrooms have been identified. With 75 species, humicolous macrofungi dominated all others, followed by lignicolous ones (48 spp.). A majority of the species (50) were edible, whereas the numbers of medicinal and poisonous ones were 11 and 6 respectively. Based on their ecology, the saprobic and mycorrhizal macrofungi were predominant at 67 and 45 species, respectively. The diversity indices varied from 19 to 40 (richness), 3.68 to 7.79 (Margalef), 0.91 to 0.98 (Simpson's dominance), 0.28 to 0.36 (Shannon-Wiener's diversity) and 0.056 to 0.074 (evenness). The results of this study indicated that several macrofungi might be employed as foods and alternative medicines requiring more studies. This study further contributes to the existing data on mushroom diversity in the Bagmati province of Nepal.
... Morphological and ecological data of these samples were recorded. Samples were then sun-dried (Parveen et al., 2017) and transported to Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Dhaka. Samples were then examined and were preserved in the herbarium of this laboratory. ...
An investigation was carried out from January to July 2021 to study the diversity of macrofungi from mangrove ecosystem of Sundarbans of Bangladesh. This paper deals with 7 newly recorded macrofungi found in Sundarbans of Bangladesh namely, Entoloma strictius (Peck) Sacc., Hexagonia hirta (P. Beauv.) Fr., Hexagonia tenuis (Hook.) Fr., Hexagonia nitida Durieu & Mont., Coriolopsis gallica (Fr.) Ryvarden, Pleurotus pulmonaris (Fr.) Quél., Trichaptum abietinum (Dicks.) Ryvarden. Detailed taxonomic description of the newly reported species with photographs are provided here. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 31(2): 293-299, 2024 (December)
... Species characterized for grassland habitats were excluded from the inventory. Macrofungi species were classified based on their functional spectrum [31] and substrate specificity [32], as previously employed in fungal studies [33][34][35]. ...
... However, the most common species were Acer campestre (59%), Crataegus monogyna (72%), and Ligustrum vulgare (69%), representing at least 64-% of the trees. Many forest-specific species were also recorded exclusively in four site plots, including Campanula persicifolia, Corydalis solida, Galium schultesii, Geum urbanum, and Euonymus europaeus ( [39,41] or Mediterranean oaks [29,30], might have a relevant role in the preservation of biodiversity, [28,29,[45][46][47] and emphasized their importance to serve specific microhabitats for various plant, fungal and animal species [21,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]45,47]. Some wood-pastures preserve relic genotypes of rare forest fruit species such as Pyrus pyraster or Malus sylvestris, respectively, as well as endangered species (e.g., Fraxinus spp.), due to recent ash declines [47]. ...
In the framework of an ongoing gene conservation programme in the Tolna Hills Region, Hungary, a total of 41 site plots were selected on agricultural land that had recently been used as grassland, meadow or vineyard. Aims of our study were (i) to test the taxonomic status of relic oak trees growing out of forested lands; (ii) to verify the origin of relic trees whether they regenerated by sprouts and suckers or by seeds in order to estimate their age and origin (nativeness); (iii) to test their microhabitats to see if forest-specific plant and fungal species were presented; (iv) and to test species to see if their presence linked to any forest vegetation in the past. Furthermore, the land-use type did not show a significant effect on the abundance of woody, dicot herbaceous, or monocot herbaceous plants recorded on sites based on maps from 1941 or earlier. The follow-up univariate ANOVA revealed a significant direct effect of recent land-use type (of 2022) on monocot herbaceous plants (F(3,33) = 5.21, p < 0.01). Additionally, a significant but weaker effect was observed on woody plants (F(3,33) = 3.22, p < 0.05). The overall past effect of land-use type showed a significantly high positive correlation between the abundance of woody plants and the number of times the maps showed forest or forest boundary land-use types (R = 0.46, p < 0.01). The plots have likely preserved and sustained the microhabitats of the native forest vegetation that was once distributed in the region. The site plots of relic oak trees, considered as flagstone habitats, create opportunities for gene flow, not only for the species with dispersal or discontinuous distribution, but also for the Vergilius oak populations. Therefore, relic trees and their microhabitats might have an important role in the mating system of various species and might also be valuable resources for genetic conservation programmes.
... The northeastern part of India is a transition zone between the biogeographical region of India, Indian Malay and Indian Chinese, and forms many gateways to India's flora and fauna. Northeastern India is also one of the hotspots for biodiversity and is very rich in fungal flora (Verma et al., 1995;Gogoi and Prakash, 2015;Kumar et al., 2015;Das et al., 2017;Lalrinawmi et al., 2017;Apshahana and Sharma, 2018;Ao et al., 2021). ...
... The northeastern part of India is a transition zone between the biogeographical region of India, Indian Malay and Indian Chinese, and forms many gateways to India's flora and fauna. Northeastern India is also one of the hotspots for biodiversity and is very rich in fungal flora (Verma et al., 1995;Gogoi and Prakash, 2015;Kumar et al., 2015;Das et al., 2017;Lalrinawmi et al., 2017;Apshahana and Sharma, 2018;Ao et al., 2021). ...
... Macrofungi from the basidiomycetes group, collectively referred to as mushrooms, are characterised by the ability to produce spore-bearing fruiting bodies visible to the naked eye (Bakray et al. 2020). They have the ability to grow on different substrates based on their ecological classification as saprophytic (organic matter of dead organisms, including decaying wood and dead animals), parasitic (pathogens in living plants) or symbiotic (mycorrhizal) association with plant roots (Parveen et al. 2017). Therefore, basidiomycetes play an important role in the decomposition of lignocellulosic materials, carbon cycling and symbiotic relationships essential for forest ecosystems (Mustapha & Zawawi 2022). ...
... Seasonality and annual variations, including precipitation and temperature, play a significant role in determining macrofungi diversity . For example, in Assam, India, macrofungi are most commonly collected during the summer (18 species), followed by autumn (13 species), the rainy season (9 species), spring (8 species), and winter (5 species) (Parveen et al., 2017). In the Tropical Pacific region, such as Indonesia, where monsoon seasons occur, macrofungi species tend to grow abundantly (Zainuddin et al., 2010). ...
The exploration of ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity around the campus could provide insights into the presence and distribution of these symbiotic fungi in the area. This study aimed to observe, identify, and provide information regarding ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity in the IPB University Campus Forest. The sampling sites represent various tree species including forests, parks, and green spaces. The exploration was done using opportunistic sampling method. The obtained basidiomata were examined for macromorphological and micromorphological examination to identify the ectomycorrhizal fungi. The identification results based on the morphological characteristics confirmed our specimens as Inocybe cf. squarrosolutea (Corner & E. Horak) Garrido and Suillus bovinus (L.) Roussel. The Inocybe was characterized by having small to medium-sized, pileus squamules, dry surface, light brown to yellowish cap, lamellae crowded, cylindrical or attenuated stipe towards the apex, clavate basidia, and hemispheric knobs basidiospores. The Suillus was distinguished by having a cap that is convex in shape with a slightly brownish yellow color and the surface texture of the cap is smooth, lamella in the form of pores that are quite large and angular, brownish yellow in color, yellow tubular stipe, clavate basidia, and oval spores. These two macrofungi are new records in the sampling area and I. cf. squarrosolutea could be the new information for Indonesia. Our finding provides valuable information for ecological studies and contributes to the additional data on Indonesian ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity.
... 3.1. Environmental conditions during the wet season and dry season Different macrofungal species grow in different microclimatic environmental tolerance ranges [26,27]. Among the three forest communities studied, the highest temperature maximum during the wet season was recorded in the Pine forest, while the lowest was recorded in the Karst forest (Table 2). ...
The diversity of macrofungal species, especially those that are not edible, receives less attention because people do not realize the importance of their ecological role. This study aimed to reveal the inter-seasonal diversity of macrofungal species in three forest communities in South Sulawesi: Karst forest, Lowland forest, and Pine forest. Field surveys were carried out twice (i.e. in the wet and dry seasons) in 25 units plots measuring 10 m x 10 m which were systematically spread in an area of approximately 1 ha in each forest community. The macrofungi found in each plot were recorded by the species name, photo, and the area of cover that measured using Crown Diameter Method to analyse the area of cover. In total there were found 130 species of macrofungi from 38 families across forest communities both in wet and dry seasons. The highest number of macrofungi species was found in the Lowland Forest (67 species), followed by Karst Forest (65 species), and the lowest was in Pine forest (42 species). Some species are specialists in specific forest communities. Given that most species of macrofungi are monophagous that specialist to an only litter of one tree species, the difference in the diversity of macrofungi among forest communities is likely related to the difference in tree species diversity among forest communities. In addition, microhabitat conditions were found in line with the diversity of macrofungal species inter-seasons and inter-forests.
... There are about 2166 species of edible macrofungi recognized worldwide, including about 470 species with medicinal properties [20]. In Africa, the number of recognized edible and medicinal species is low compared to the mycological potential of its tropical forests and the wealth of indigenous knowledge held by forest communities. ...
This study focused on the documentation of wild macrofungi species used by village communities living around Mpanga Forest in Mpigi District, Central Uganda. In order to determine the variability of knowledge and the modes of use of macrofungi by the local communities, a total of 100 people, distributed in 4 villages (Kalagala, Nakigudde, Mpambire, and Lwanga) including 25 people in each, were interviewed following a semi-structured survey. The information focused on vernacular names, different species of macrofungi used, different categories of uses (food, medicinal, commercial, mythical, and traditional beliefs), Seasonality, habitat, preservation, and preparation methods. The diversity of macrofungi was assessed by combining visits in Mpanga forest and ethnomycological surveys. Ethnomycological indices such as Total Use Value (TUV), Diversity Index (DI), Pielou Regularity Index (EI), and Sorensen's K test were calculated to analyze the use differences between the 4 village communities. To determine the influence of age, gender and literacy level on the mycological knowledge held by village communities, one-way ANOVA and t-tests were used. The field collections associated with the ethnomycological surveys made it possible to identify a total of 35 species useful for the local communities among which, 29 are edible, 14 are medicinal, 5 are used for income and 4 are used for mythical and traditional beliefs. Due to their higher total use value (TUV>1), species such as Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus (Ggudu), Termitomyces sp.1 (Bubbala) and Termitomyces sp.2 (Nakyebowa) are the most exploited by local communities. The study revealed that ethnomycological knowledge is held by a minority of respondents (IE<0.5) within each village community, a consistency homogeneity of this knowledge within this minority (DI<DImax/2), but high variability in the use of macrofungi between village communities as indicated by TUV values and Sorensen's K test. The study also shown that the distribution of mycological knowledge of local communities was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by gender, age and level of education. The results of this study provided information that could, in the future, be used in the domestication of wild macrofungi species and in mycomedecine to contribute to food security and improve public health care.
... However, the diversity of wild mushrooms from this region is not well documented in terms of nutritional properties and bioactive properties. Earlier studies have identified some of the wild edible mushrooms from the states of NE India including Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, and Nagaland [Khaund & Joshi, 2013;Parveen et al., 2017;Sarma et al., 2010]. However, nutritional profiling of majority of these wild edible mushrooms are not well investigated. ...
A variety of cultivated mushrooms in Northeast India are well known for their taste, nutritional and medicinal benefits. Many wild-growing mush-
rooms are also consumed due to their exotic flavours and tastes; however, the scientific exploration of their nutritional and bioactive properties is still
negligible. In the present study, the 32 wild edible mushroom samples of 11 species collected from different parts of Northeast India were evaluated
for their proximate composition, mineral and vitamin (ascorbic acid and riboflavin) contents, antioxidant and antihaemolytic activity, and profiles
of organic and phenolic acids. Lentinus sajor-caju and Lentinus squarrosulus had the highest carbohydrate content (49.80 g/100 g dry weight (d.w.)
and 46.36 g/100 g d.w., respectively), crude protein content (20.72 g/100 g d.w. and 20.54 g/100 g d.w., respectively) and a considerable content of min-
erals. The highest fat content was determined in Lentinus velutinus (7.17 g/100 g d.w.). Among the minerals, potassium was found as the most abundant
in all the samples. The extracts of L. sajor-caju, L. squarrosulus, and Pleurotus pulmonarius were characterized by the highest antioxidant activity, while
these of L. sajor-caju, Pleurotus ostreatus, P. pulmonarius and Agaricus bisporus showed the highest antihaemolytic potential. The HPLC analysis al-
lowed determining the high contents of ascorbic acid and a few organic and phenolic acids such as lactic acid, gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid
and trans-cinnamic acid in the tested mushrooms. Other compounds viz. citric acid, caffeic acid, riboflavin, vanillic acid, pyruvic acid, and p-coumaric
acid were detected with variations. This study established the nutritional and health benefits of wild edible mushrooms of Northeast India region for
consumption as functional foods in the human diet.
