(a) Deformation map of a building, along with the line-of-sight deformation time series of IMPs in (a.1) HH and (a.2) VV over this building. (b) Scattering mechanism classification map of a road segment. (b.1) deformation map of this road segment, and (b.2) temperature-related deformation information, and deformation time series of IMPs in (b.3) HH and (b.3) VV. (c) Scattering mechanism classification map of a railway segment and (c.1) deformation map of this railway segment. The deformation time series of the double bounce IMPs in (c.2) HH and (c.3) VV over this railway segment.

Contexts in source publication

Context 1

... detected on the canals could be reflected by human-made structures, such as bridges, river banks and stakes, over the canal areas. Limited by the scale of Figure 8b-i and high spatial density of IMPs with the four different classes in HH and VV separately, the subtle difference in IMP spatial distribution is hard to be recognized using Figure 8b-i; therefore, in the following, we illustrate three small areas in Figure 9 and further investigate the two most important polarimetric features over time of five IMPs from these areas; see Figure 10. Table 1 lists the total number of IMPs in HH and VV with these four scattering mechanisms. ...

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... total of 38 and 71 IMPs in HH and VV were observed over this road segment. A total of 31 out of 38 IMPs in HH and 67 out of 71 IMPs in VV were labeled as surface scatterers; see Figure 9b, shown in blue. Seven and four IMPs in HH and VV were determined as low-volume scatterers, shown in yellow. ...

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... one pair of surface scattering IMPs in HH and VV appeared at the same location (53.2117 • N, 5.7138 • E), performing linearly over time with −1.1 mm y −1 . Five IMPs with surface scattering features in HH and VV had temperature-related movement over time (using Equation (A3)), and the temperature-related parameter η [mm/ • C] ranges between 0.12 and 0.49; see Figure 9(b.2). As the η values are all positive, this implies, in addition to the linear temporal behavior, that those surface scatterers expanded when temperature increased and vice versa. ...

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... also selected a 400 m railway segment, located at 53.1828 • N, 5.7756 • E, as the third example. A total of 29 and 27 IMPs in HH and VV were detected, among which there are 20 and 16 double bounce scatterers in HH and VV separately; see Figure 9c in red. The remaining IMPs were labeled as high-volume scatterers in green. ...

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... physical attribute of every IMP may vary over time; therefore, this section illustrates the scattering mechanism dynamics of five IMPs, with surface, low-and high-volume, and double bounce scattering from the building, road, and railway examples shown in Figure 9. These are one IMP in HH over the building at 53.2034 • N, 5.8325 • E, two IMPs over the road segment at 53.2204 • N, 5.7043 • E in HH and at 53.2215 • N, 5.7032 • E in VV, and two IMPs in HH over the railway segment at 53.1837 • N, 5.7749 • E and at 53.1834 • N, 5.7751 • E. As every single SAR acquisition is smeared by speckle noise and merely spatial filtering failed to dramatically reduce the noise impact on scattering mechanism classification per acquisition, we then focused on analyzing the temporal evolution and relation of the first two most important features |S HH | 2 + |S VV | 2 and σ • HH in dB for performing the classification using the Random Forest classification method (see Figure 7). ...