Figure 2 - uploaded by Woo-Jin Jung
Content may be subject to copyright.
Yield of chitin and chitosan from mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larval exuviae. 

Yield of chitin and chitosan from mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larval exuviae. 

Source publication
Article
Full-text available
The purpose of this study was to investigate the production of chitin and chitosan from both the exuvium and whole body of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae. Chitin from the exuvium and whole body of T. molitor larvae was chemically extracted with acid and alkali solutions to achieve demineralization (DM) and deproteinization (DP), respectively. T...

Contexts in source publication

Context 1
... average yield of chitin from the exuviae of larval T. molitor was 18.01% of DW (Fig. 2B). The average yield of chitosan from the larval exuvium was 9.20% of DW. The chitin content of edible insects is 6% in giant mealworm larvae, 12% in common mealworm pupa, and 13% in common mealworm larvae (Adámková et al. 2017). The chitin and chitosan content from exoskeletons of two-spotted field crickets is 2.42 and 1.65% of DW, respectively (Kim et al. 2017a). The chitin content of grasshopper, Dociostaurus maroccanus is 14% in adults and 12% in nymphs (Erdogen & Kaya 2016). Chitin content ranges from 5.3% to 8.9% among seven species of Orthoptera ( Kaya et al. ...
Context 2
... whole body of T. molitor was used to compare the degree of demineralization (DM) and deproteinization (DP) after acid and alkali treatments ( Chitin obtained from the whole body of T. molitor larvae was used for the manufacture of chitosan (Table 3). For chitin manufacture, the whole body was heated in 1.25 N NaOH at 95°C for 3 h. After alkali treatment in four tests, the chitin yield was 4.91, 4.85, 4.85, and 5.08% of DW. To assess deacetylation, the chitin extracted from the whole body was heated in 40% NaOH (w/w) and 50% NaOH (w/w) solutions at 105°C for 3 h. After 40% NaOH (w/w) and 50% NaOH (w/w) treatment (tests C and D), the yield of chitosan was 3.65% of DW. During the extraction of chitin and chitosan from larval exuvium of T. molitor, the chitin yields were 20. 07, 19.33, 18.07, 18.60, 16.40, 16.73, 17.50, and 17.40% of DW ( Fig. 2A). The chitosan yields were 10.20, 10.13, 9.53, 8.80, 9.07, 8.50, 7.80, and 9.57% of DW. The average yield of chitin and chitosan was 18.01 and 9.20% of DW, respectively (Fig. ...
Context 3
... whole body of T. molitor was used to compare the degree of demineralization (DM) and deproteinization (DP) after acid and alkali treatments ( Chitin obtained from the whole body of T. molitor larvae was used for the manufacture of chitosan (Table 3). For chitin manufacture, the whole body was heated in 1.25 N NaOH at 95°C for 3 h. After alkali treatment in four tests, the chitin yield was 4.91, 4.85, 4.85, and 5.08% of DW. To assess deacetylation, the chitin extracted from the whole body was heated in 40% NaOH (w/w) and 50% NaOH (w/w) solutions at 105°C for 3 h. After 40% NaOH (w/w) and 50% NaOH (w/w) treatment (tests C and D), the yield of chitosan was 3.65% of DW. During the extraction of chitin and chitosan from larval exuvium of T. molitor, the chitin yields were 20. 07, 19.33, 18.07, 18.60, 16.40, 16.73, 17.50, and 17.40% of DW ( Fig. 2A). The chitosan yields were 10.20, 10.13, 9.53, 8.80, 9.07, 8.50, 7.80, and 9.57% of DW. The average yield of chitin and chitosan was 18.01 and 9.20% of DW, respectively (Fig. ...
Context 4
... in 40% NaOH (w/w) and 50% NaOH (w/w) solutions at 105°C for 3 h. After 40% NaOH (w/w) and 50% NaOH (w/w) treatment (tests C and D), the yield of chitosan was 3.65% of DW. During the extraction of chitin and chitosan from larval exuvium of T. molitor, the chitin yields were 20. 07, 19.33, 18.07, 18.60, 16.40, 16.73, 17.50, and 17.40% of DW ( Fig. 2A). The chitosan yields were 10.20, 10.13, 9.53, 8.80, 9.07, 8.50, 7.80, and 9.57% of DW. The average yield of chitin and chitosan was 18.01 and 9.20% of DW, respectively (Fig. ...
Context 5
... During the extraction of chitin and chitosan from larval exuvium of T. molitor, the chitin yields were 20. 07, 19.33, 18.07, 18.60, 16.40, 16.73, 17.50, and 17.40% of DW ( Fig. 2A). The chitosan yields were 10.20, 10.13, 9.53, 8.80, 9.07, 8.50, 7.80, and 9.57% of DW. The average yield of chitin and chitosan was 18.01 and 9.20% of DW, respectively (Fig. ...
Context 6
... average yield of chitin from the exuviae of larval T. molitor was 18.01% of DW (Fig. 2B). The average yield of chitosan from the larval exuvium was 9.20% of DW. The chitin content of edible insects is 6% in giant mealworm larvae, 12% in common mealworm pupa, and 13% in common mealworm larvae (Adámková et al. 2017). The chitin and chitosan content from exoskeletons of two-spotted field crickets is 2.42 and 1.65% of DW, ...
Context 7
... in 40% NaOH (w/w) and 50% NaOH (w/w) solutions at 105°C for 3 h. After 40% NaOH (w/w) and 50% NaOH (w/w) treatment (tests C and D), the yield of chitosan was 3.65% of DW. During the extraction of chitin and chitosan from larval exuvium of T. molitor, the chitin yields were 20. 07, 19.33, 18.07, 18.60, 16.40, 16.73, 17.50, and 17.40% of DW ( Fig. 2A). The chitosan yields were 10.20, 10.13, 9.53, 8.80, 9.07, 8.50, 7.80, and 9.57% of DW. The average yield of chitin and chitosan was 18.01 and 9.20% of DW, respectively (Fig. ...
Context 8
... During the extraction of chitin and chitosan from larval exuvium of T. molitor, the chitin yields were 20. 07, 19.33, 18.07, 18.60, 16.40, 16.73, 17.50, and 17.40% of DW ( Fig. 2A). The chitosan yields were 10.20, 10.13, 9.53, 8.80, 9.07, 8.50, 7.80, and 9.57% of DW. The average yield of chitin and chitosan was 18.01 and 9.20% of DW, respectively (Fig. ...
Context 9
... average yield of chitin from the exuviae of larval T. molitor was 18.01% of DW (Fig. 2B). The average yield of chitosan from the larval exuvium was 9.20% of DW. The chitin content of edible insects is 6% in giant mealworm larvae, 12% in common mealworm pupa, and 13% in common mealworm larvae (Adámková et al. 2017). The chitin and chitosan content from exoskeletons of two-spotted field crickets is 2.42 and 1.65% of DW, ...

Similar publications

Article
Full-text available
In this study, basic nutrient contents and fatty acid methyl ester composition of larvae period (Tenebrio molitor), buffalo worm (Alphitobius diaperinus) and morio worm (Zophobas morio) were investigated by gas chromatographic methods and their possibilities of using in feeds were investigated. The highest crude protein ratio was found to be (as) 6...
Thesis
Full-text available
his article analyzes the synthesis of the Tenebrio molitor (Coleop-tera: Tenebrionidae) protein belonging to edible insect, depending on its nutrient con-tent. In particular, it was noted that TMO-2 and TMO-6 T.molitor (F6) larvae are syn-thesized on average 31.02% protein in wheat bran, 38.13% in L.minor and 30.87% in A.carolina.
Article
Full-text available
This experiment aimed to establish the fatty acid profiles of oils from selected insect species and to evaluate their effects on in vitro rumen fermentation and methanogenesis. Insect samples, namely maggots, krotos, superworms, mealworms and crickets, were subjected to oil extraction using hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus. The fatty acid composition...
Article
Full-text available
We evaluated the effect of supplementation of a wheat bran (WB) diet with fresh carrots (FC) or wet brewer's grains (WBG) on the growth performance and chemical composition of Tenebrio molitor larvae. Additionally, a digestibility trial was performed to determine the nutritional value of the raw materials used. The control diet was based on WB-only...
Article
Full-text available
The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of oil from lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus L.) larvae powders (LMLPs) using ethanol/isopropanol as the superior solvent was optimized. The evaluation of time (9.89–35.11 min), solvent-to-LMLPs (2.39–27.61 v/w), and temperature (16.36–83.64 °C) showed that the highest extraction efficiency (EE, 88.08...

Citations

... These results further support the idea that insect-rearing by-products, like the legs and wings of A. domesticus, can be excellent sources of chitin and present higher yields than whole insect sources. Higher chitin contents in insectrearing by-products than in whole insect sources have already been reported for H. illucens pupae/larvae exuviae (Brigode et al., 2020;Purkayastha and Sarkar, 2020;Soetemans et al., 2020;Triunfo et al., 2022) and T. molitor larvae exuviae (Song et al., 2018a). Furthermore, some of the highest chitin yields from insect sources (>30.00%) ...
... The total chitosan yields obtained in this study are similar to those described in the literature. Two different studies regarding chitosan synthesised from T. Table 3 Colour coordinates and whiteness index (WI) (n = 6, mean ± SD) of chitin samples before and after decolourisation (Kim et al., 2017;Kim et al., 2016;Song et al., 2013;Song et al., 2018a;Triunfo et al., 2022). The values obtained in the present study for the house cricket L&W (9.88% relative to the defatted sample and 8.00% to the dried powder sample) are inside the range of values for those studies. ...
... The vast majority of studies report a higher DD% for insect-derived chitosan, with values generally being in the 80-90% range (Ma et al., 2022;Mohan et al., 2020;Rahman et al., 2023;Wang et al., 2004), and previous studies have extracted chitosan from T. molitor (75.6%-96.2%) (Luo et al., 2019;Shin et al., 2019;Son et al., 2021;Song et al., 2018a) and A. domesticus (79.4%) (Malm and Liceaga, 2021); 66.6% (Psarianos et al., 2022b)) with higher DD%. The DD% can be impacted by deacetylation conditions, with several studies reporting that higher reaction time/temperature and NaOH concentration can increase the DD% (Chae et al., 2018;Malm and Liceaga, 2021;Soetemans et al., 2020;Song et al., 2018a). ...
Article
Fractionation of edible insects and their rearing by-products can lead to expanded industrial applications and extraction of value-added products. The main goal of this study was to extract chitin and synthesise chitosan from three different insect sources – Tenebrio molitor larvae, adult Acheta domesticus and A. domesticus rearing by-products (legs and wings). Furthermore, the physicochemical, structural, and bioactive properties of insect-derived chitin and chitosan were characterised and compared to commercial crustacean-based samples. Chitin was isolated from defatted sources through chemical hydrolysis followed by decolourisation and was deacetylated with a strong alkaline solution to synthesise chitosan. Notably, A. domesticus rearing by-products yielded the highest chitin and chitosan content. Chitin and chitosan derived from insects exhibited physicochemical and structural characteristics consistent with the α-polymorphic form, similar to the commercial samples. Differences were found in surface morphology, with insect-derived samples presenting large and irregular flakes and porosity, while the crustacean-derived samples presented irregularly arranged fibres and a more regular and smoother surface. As for antioxidant activity, although all chitosan samples demonstrated poor DPPH radical scavenging activity, this study showed for the first time that insect-derived chitosan presents lipid peroxidation inhibition ability. All chitosan samples presented antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic bacteria, with K. pneumoniae being the most susceptible strain. Nevertheless, there is potential for enhancement of the biological properties through modifications on the molecular weight and deacetylation degree. This research introduces the potential of cricket-rearing by-products as sustainable sources of chitosan with functional bioactive properties.
... Researchers also attribute the strengthening of the immunity system of animals fed with insect-based diets to the chitin content of insects (Khoushab and Yamabhai 2010;Kim 2010;Rehman et al. 2023). The exuviae, the adults, and the larvae of T. molitor are considered as a good source of chitin and chitosan that could be used in domestic animal feed (Ilijin et al. 2024;Nafary et al. 2023;Song et al. 2018). Moreover, studies focused on human nutrition and nutritive composition of T. molitor report that this insect species serve as protein-rich food (Banjo et al. 2006;Katayama et al. 2008;Ramos-Elorduy 1997). ...
Article
Full-text available
The insect species Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is a stored-product pest which tend to infest a variety of durable agricultural commodities, mostly oriented toward cereals and related amylaceous substrates of low humidity. Thus, the past few years, research on T. molitor has been focused on its biology, ecology, and control methods due to its pest status. However, recently, the same insect species has undergone a significant reevaluation, as it is considered as a promising alternative protein source not only for animal feed but also for human consumption. The direction to new applications of T. molitor in sustainable agriculture and livestock farming has been mainly driven by the green light of the European Commission and European Food Safety Authority, which has redirected the interest of the scientific community toward utilization of T. molitor as a novel protein source. This shift is evidenced by a rapid increase in related publications since 2017. Recent publication of this sector highlights the nutritional benefits of T. molitor larvae, their potential in waste management, and the economic viability of its mass production. However, there is still a gap in the literature concerning the optimization its mass rearing, the disease management, and the exploration of the by-products produced through the rearing of T. molitor, i.e., soil fertilizer. This paper reviews the trajectory of T. molitor research, emphasizing its dual role as both a pest and a valuable resource.
... Chitin is found in the cuticle of insects and invertebrates, where it binds with protein and reduces the absorption capacity of protein and the digestibility of dietary protein. Many studies have found a higher chitin content in zooplankton compared to mealworms and earthworms, and when chitin is present in fish feed, could depress fish growth (Ashour et al., 2021;Son et al., 2021;Song et al., 2018;Mohanta et al., 2016). Moreover, the high chitin content can affect negative fish growth, especially if the fishmeal is fully replaced with zooplankton, as in our study (Ashour et al., 2021). ...
Article
Full-text available
The global trend in aquaculture is to replace fishmeal with an alternative and sustainable source of protein for fish farming. As a result, some species of invertebrates have found a place in aquaculture as a rich source of protein and a promising substitute for fishmeal. This study aimed to investigate the effects of alternative protein sources on the growth parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as well as the fatty acid profile and the sensory quality of the fish fillets. The gas chromatography technique with a flame ionization detector was used to determine the fatty acid composition of the rainbow trout fillets, while different equations were used to determine the growth parameters and the hepatosomatic index. The sensory evaluation of the rainbow trout fillet was determined by a descriptive sensory analysis, a quality assessment and a consumer acceptance test. The replacement of fishmeal by mealworms (MWD) and earthworms (EWD) resulted in a positive effect on growth parameters, feed conversion, and hepatosomatic index (HSI) values. The mortallity of the rainbow trout fed with the experimental diets was less than 28 %. The eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of the trout fillets decreased with the inclusion of MWD (1.34 and 5.20 %, respectively) and EWD (1.74 and 6.41 %, respectively) in the trout diet. Feeding rainbow trout with MWD and EWD caused a decrease in the n-3/n-6 ratio compared to FMD (0.32 and 0.34, respectively vs. 0.56), whereas the addition of ZOD resulted in the increase of the n-3/n-6 ratio (0.67). The samples of fillets of trout fed with MWD and EWD belonged to the "very good" level of average sensory quality, while the fillets of trout fed with zooplankton were in the "good" quality range. Regarding acceptability by consumers all rainbow trout fillets shown good consumer acceptance.
... *Significant difference (p < 0.05). of protein for the animal feed industry. In addition to a good nutritional value, this insect meal also has a good flavour 59 , digestibility 60 and a functional ability due to the chitin contained in the exoskeleton 61 , which has antimicrobial properties 20,62 and positive effects on the immune system 21,63 . The use of insect meal as feed also has an ecological aspect, as insects require less space for production, have minimal greenhouse gas emissions and water footprint 64,65 and insects can be reared on a variety of biological waste 66 , which contributes to the circular economy and sustainability. ...
Article
Full-text available
In this study, we investigated the influence of the inclusion of Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae meal in the diet on the diversity and structure of the bacterial community in the caecal content of Barbary partridges. A total of 36 partridges, selected randomly for slaughter from 54 animals, were divided equally into three treatment groups, including the control group (C) with a diet containing corn-soybean meal and two experimental groups, in which 25% (TM25) and 50% (TM50) of the soybean meal protein was replaced by the meal from TM larvae. After slaughtering, the bacterial community of the 30 caecal samples (10 samples per each experimental group) was analysed by high-throughput sequencing using the V4–V5 region of the 16 S rRNA gene. Alpha diversity showed a higher diversity richness in the TM50 group. Beta diversity showed statistical dissimilarities among the three groups. Firmicutes was the dominant phylum regardless of the diet, with the predominant families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Clostridia and Faecalibacterium were decreased in both TM groups, Lachnospiraceae was suppressed in the TM50 group, but still this class, genus and family were abundantly present in all samples. Several potentially beneficial genera, such as Bacillus, Ruminococcaceae UCG-009, Oscillibacter and UC1-2E3 (Lachnospiraceae) were increased in the TM50 group. The results showed a beneficial effect of the T. molitor larvae meal on the caecal microbiota of Barbary partridges, particularly in the TM50 group, which showed an increase in bacterial diversity.
... The findings of the present study corroborate earlier research, suggesting that the observed reduction in moisture and ash content as age increases could be attributed to the accumulation of proteins and the substitution of these elements by chitin and chitosan. This transformation potentially enhances the suitability of insect larvae as sources of oligosaccharides (Song et al., 2018;Rodjaroen et al., 2020). Furthermore, chitin, a crucial component of insects, is involved in regulating serum cholesterol levels and acts as a hemostatic agent, facilitating tissue repair and expediting the healing process of burns and wounds (Ekop et al., 2010). ...
Article
Sago palm weevil larvae (SPWL, Rhynchophorus vulneratus ) have potential for use as food and feed. This study aimed to investigate their development, digestive enzyme activity, nutrient values, and digestible protein using an in vitro digestibility technique. Bioassays for SPWL at 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 days after hatching (DAH) were conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, and means were compared at using Bonferroni (Dunn) t-tests and orthogonal polynomial contrasts. Trypsin activity significantly increased at 35 DAH ( , quadratic effect ), with peak chymotrypsin activity at 28 DAH ( ). Lipase activity showed both linear and quadratic increases ( ), and cellulase activity also increased significantly ( , linear and quadratic terms ). Meanwhile, the A:T ratio increased significantly ( , quadratic effect ) with age-related rises in these digestive enzyme activities. The highest crude protein content in SPWL was observed at 42 DAH ( ), with peak carbohydrate at 28 DAH ( ). Phenylalanine and histidine levels increased linearly ( ), while lysine and total essential amino acids peaked at 42 DAH ( , linear and quadratic terms ). Levels of linoleic acid, total polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the n-6:n-3 ratio peaked at 49 DAH ( ). In vitro protein digestibility assays were performed using enzymes extracted from quails, broilers, Thai native chickens, and ducks. Significant increases in digestibility were attributed to SPWL protein content and age, particularly beyond 42 DAH ( , linear and quadratic terms ), except with duck enzymes. In conclusion, these findings suggest that SPWL cultivation, particularly between 42 and 56 DAH, provides a potential alternative protein source with substantial nutritional benefits for poultry feed. The promise of SPWL to contribute to more sustainable and efficient poultry feeding practices is evident, and further in vivo studies are warranted to validate these results.
... The analysis of the ruminant animals put the ration containing all the insects and visualized that the cattle eliminated a minimum fraction of methane than those fed on the basis of SBM, and the lower digestion of the insect succeeded in minimal production of hydrogen, which is an essential substrate for the production of methanogenesis, the final step in the global process of anaerobic degradation of organic matter biodegradable into methane [87,93,94]. ...
... DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; CF, crude fiber; Ash; Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; Mg, magnesium; K, potassium; Na, sodium; Cu, copper; Mn, manganese; Fe, iron. Adaptado de Marono et al.[45] e Song et al.[93]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Dietary alternatives using insect-based products as an alternative for farm animal nutrition have been the object of study due to the high nutritional value of these feeds and the costs related to both their production and consequently their commercialization. Thus, the use of flies, especially larvae, has a high content of proteins and lipids (fat), as well as minerals and essential nutrients for development and growth, directly impacting the production of these animals, whether meat or milk. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compile data from the literature on the nutritional value of adults and larvae of Black soldier (Hermetia illucens) and housefly (Musca domestica) as a dietary alternative for animal feed. The Prisma checklist was used. After reviewing the data found in the literature, following the systematic review, it was noted that studies emerge that larvae of black soldier flies and domestic flies of the order Diptera obtain essential sources in the nutrition of ruminants, in addition to obtaining rapid digestibility, thus adhering to reproduction with high nutritional content, due to incident levels of protein, lipids, and minerals in M. domestica and Lucilia sericata, making it a target for inclusion in the diet of farm animals. In addition, it is concluded that both species are studied for their sustainable potential as well as for offering greater economic and nutritional viability when compared to ingredients present in production animal feed.
... In contrast, the cuticle of insects is composed of chitin in a matrix with cuticular proteins, lipids and other compounds [8]. The mealworm exuvium and whole body of mealworm larvae valuable source of chitin and chitosan [9]. The chitin content in different stages of Vespa crabro was observed to progressively rise as they matured [10]. ...
Article
This study investigated the chitosan content in various developmental stages of silkworms, specifically focusing on larval cuticle, moult exuviae and larval exuviae. The chitosan percentage varied significantly among different stages, with the highest content observed in bivoltine hybrid larval exuviae (19.37%) and the lowest in the 1st instar larval cuticle (9.93%). Chitosan content showed a consistent increase during moulting stages, reaching its peak in exuviae. The investigation extended to examine properties of chitosan, including moisture content, nitrogen content, ash content, degree of deacetylation (DD), solubility, viscosity and pH. Moisture content ranged from 5.80 to 7.84%, nitrogen content from 5.05 to 6.17%, ash content within 0.50 to 0.80% and DD from 85.10 to 92.71%. Solubility ranged from 92.25 to 98.25% and viscosity was measured between 47 and 58 cP. The pH values ranged from 6.72 to 7.49. These findings contribute valuable insights into the chitosan characteristics at different developmental stages of silkworms, providing a comprehensive understanding of its variations and potential applications.
... Estimates of nutrient content, including chitin, in different insect species vary and are impacted by rearing conditions, such as diet and environmental temperature (Adámková et al., 2017). The chitin content of BSFL is estimated to be 6% to 8% (Zlotko et al., 2021), whereas that of MWL is 5% to 13% (Adámková et al., 2017;Song et al., 2018). ...
Article
Full-text available
The global population is projected to increase, indicating that there will be greater demand for animal protein to meet the associated food needs. This demand will place additional pressure on livestock systems to increase output while also minimizing natural resource inputs. Insect protein has emerged as a potential alternative to conventional protein feeds, such as soybean meal. Mealworm larvae (MWL; Tenebrio molitor) have been studied in poultry and swine as an alternative protein source; however, there is no research currently evaluating MWL for cattle. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) have also received attention for their potential use in livestock feed due to their scalability and nutritional value, but research in cattle is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of whole-dried MWL and defatted BSFL as protein supplements for cattle consuming forage. Five ruminally cannulated steers were utilized in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment to determine how MWL and BSFL supplementations affect forage utilization. Steers consuming ad libitum low-quality forage (76.5% neutral detergent fiber [NDF], 4.2% crude protein) were provided one of the five treatments each period: 1) control with no supplement (CON), 2) soybean meal (CONV), 3) BSFL, 4) MWL, or 5) 50/50 by-weight blend of BSFL and MWL (MIX). All treatments were provided at 100 mg N/kg BW and periods included 8 d for treatment adaptation, 5 d for intake and digestion, and 1 d for ruminal fermentation measures. Protein supplementation stimulated forage organic matter intake (FOMI; P ≤ 0.01) relative to CON (3.28 kg/d). There was a significant difference in FOMI (P ≤ 0.01) between BSFL (4.30 kg/d) and CONV (4.71 kg/d), but not between CONV and MWL (P = 0.06, 4.43 kg/d). Total digestible OM intake (TDOMI) was also stimulated by the provision of protein (P ≤ 0.01), from 1.94 kg/d for CON to an average of 3.24 kg/d across protein supplements. Organic matter digestibility (OMD) and NDF digestibility (NDFD) were not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.37), for an average OMD of 66.5% and NDFD of 62.7%. There was also no treatment effect on ruminal volatile fatty acid (P = 0.96) or ammonia-N (P = 0.22) concentrations. These data indicate that MWL may stimulate forage utilization by beef cattle to a greater extent than BSFL, but both are viable protein supplements.
... The extraction products are subjected to N-deacetylation reactions with KOH in a mixture of ethanol and monoethylene glycol (Broussignac process) [31] or with NaOH in an aqueous solution (Kurita process) [32]. The prepared chitin and chitosan were characterized by different spectroscopic and analytical methods (FTIR, XRD, TGA/DTG, SEM/EDX, viscometry, potentiometric titration and 1 H NMR). The physicochemical characteristics of the prepared chitin and chitosan were presented, discussed, and compared to those cited in the literature for TM [33][34][35][36][37] and to the results obtained for the larval exuviae and adult of the black soldier fly (BSF) [26]. The results obtained were also compared, if necessary, to the physicochemical characteristics of α and β chitin prepared respectively from the exoskeleton of the grey shrimp and the squid pens according to the reaction conditions described in our previous work carried out from crustaceans and cephalopods [38][39][40][41][42]. ...
... The reaction conditions retained as well as the chitin contents extracted at the different stages of the TM growth cycle are presented in Table 1. They are also compared to the results of work cited in the literature mainly concerning adults [33][34][35][36][37] since the extraction of chitin at the larval stage is carried out in most works from the larva [34,36,37,53,54] and rarely from the exuviae [33,37]. ...
... The reaction conditions retained as well as the chitin contents extracted at the different stages of the TM growth cycle are presented in Table 1. They are also compared to the results of work cited in the literature mainly concerning adults [33][34][35][36][37] since the extraction of chitin at the larval stage is carried out in most works from the larva [34,36,37,53,54] and rarely from the exuviae [33,37]. ...
Article
Full-text available
This work valorizes rejects from Tenebrio Molitor TM breeding through the production of chitin and chitosan. Two processes are proposed for extracting chitin from larval exuviae and adult. The first process P1 provides chitin with high contents compared to literature data but the characterization shows the presence of impurities in the exuviae chitin responsible for the shifts in the values of the physicochemical characteristics towards those presented by γ chitin. These impurities are removed by delipidation and pure α chitin is obtained. The effective delipidation of this chitin would be linked to its fibrous surface structure. The analysis of the results of P1 led us to develop a second extraction process P2 which provides pure chitin with improved yields using delipidation followed by deproteinization. The N-deacetylation of chitin according to Kurita or Broussignac process makes possible the preparation of pure, highly deacetylated chitosan samples (2 % < DA < 12 %) with high yields and controlled molar masses (Mv). A kinetic study of molecular degradation during deacetylation is carried out. A comparison with Hermetia illucens allows to extend the use of insects as a potential source of chitin and chitosan and confirms the role of the source and the processes in the determination of their characteristics.
... Para extraer el quitosano a partir de las mudas de larvas Tenebrio molitor, se utilizó la metodología propuesta por Song et al. [20], ligeramente modificada. El procedimiento se describe a continuación: ...
... Extracción de quitina y producción de quitosano a partir de las mudas de larvas T. molitor Para el procesamiento de las mudas de larvas de T. molitor (Materia prima) para la extracción de quitina y síntesis de quitosano, se pesaron 500mg de material y se le realizaron una serie de lavados en agitación constante (500rpm), con el volumen necesario para cubrir la muestra; secando en estufa a 70°C por 1h, equilibrando el pH entre 6 a 7 y filtrando al vacío entre cada lavado. Se siguió el protocolo propuesto por Song [20], con ligeras modificaciones. Se inició con un lavado de agua destilada al material para eliminar cualquier contaminación superficial, seguido de un lavado con NaOH 1M por 3 horas y a 100°C, para eliminar proteínas. ...
... Para la síntesis de quitosano, se procedió a desacetilar la quitina mediante un lavado de NaOH 12.5M por 5 horas a 100°C. En la primera extracción de quitosano y síntesis de quitina realizada (Repetición 1) el rendimiento fue muy escaso (7.31%), comparado al reportado en literatura, el cual se encuentra alrededor de 9.20% [20]. Además, se veían daños morfológicos significativos en la estructura del material, causados por la larga exposición a la base concentrada (12.5M), durante el proceso de desacetilación. ...
Article
Full-text available
Muchos de los polímeros que son utilizados actualmente en la industria, investigación y otras áreas no son fácilmente biodegradables. Estos polímeros la mayoría de las veces suelen ser derivados del petróleo, lo que implica un gran impacto ambiental en su producción. El quitosano actúa como una materia prima alternativa, con el potencial de reemplazar distintos materiales gracias a sus propiedades, sin embargo, la mayor parte del quitosano industrial es extraído de desechos de especies marinas procesadas para la industria alimentaria, lo que hace que su extracción sea poco escalable y dependiente de las estaciones donde se pescan estas especies, además de tener un alto contenido en minerales, los cuales son difíciles de remover. Es posible obtener quitosano de insectos, de manera más escalable y no dependiente de las estaciones de pesca. En el presente estudio, se desarrolló un protocolo para obtener quitosano de las exuvias larvales de la especie Tenebrio molitor, a partir de un procesamiento químico donde se desproteinizan y demineralizan estos desechos para transformarlos en quitina, y posteriormente de desacetila para transformala en quitosano. Al procesar las mudas de las larvas, y tras distintos cambios al protocolo de extracción, se logró obtener un rendimiento global de un 13.01% de la masa total de la materia prima utilizada. Así mismo, se evidenció mediante espectros infrarrojos (FTIR) la transformación de las exuvias larvales hacia quitosano. Finalmente, se confirmó que el producto obtenido era quitosano mediante un perfil termogravimétrico (TGA) y se observaron diferencias morfológicas entre las mudas de larvas, el quitosano obtenido y el quitosano comercial mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido.