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Os impactos positivos e negativos das tecnologias de informação móvel e sem fio são conceitualmente
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En el escenario de una crisis global de cuidados este estudio aborda cómo se construye discursivamente la corresponsabilidad del cuidado y autocuidado de la cuidadora informal de personas dependientes en la política pública chilena. Para ello, se recurrió a una metodología interpretativa, método cualitativo y mediante un enfoque documental se anali...
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... They usually live in rented rooms or with their families in temporary accommodation. In India, Ram Singh Bora, 2014, noted that informal workers generally reside in slums outside the states of Delhi, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh where they work [18]. In fact, they tend to commute from the home to the workplace every day [19]. ...
... But the main issue faced by migrants is losing their jobs, followed by losing their money. It also implicated that the sort of job, household income without migrants, and migrant workers' income all significantly affect how vulnerable migrants are 8) . The workers are employed in low-productivity positions with low salaries and pay their labour without job safety, medical health, or social safety benefits. ...
The imposition of lockdowns in several nations has resulted in restricted movement of an individual, leading to a mobility crisis in India. As migrant labourers strived to make their way back home, it led to certain confrontations with relief policies, law enforcement, and transit policies being enforced. Interstate migrant workers in India have been facing a myriad of challenges in this accord and are predominantly engulfed with sociological, psychological, economic, political, and legal dimensions. This research article examines their pre- and post-COVID-19 living and working conditions, focusing on the diverse migrant population residing in Kelakottaiyur. The objective of this study is to understand the working and living conditions of the migrants in correspondence with the diversity prevailing within. It can be further validated in terms of employing a convenience sampling method in juxtaposing potential selection bias and self-reporting (or) recall bias. According to the findings of the study, the circumstances under which migrant labourers work have a significant impact on their overall quality of life. Specifically, their living conditions, job satisfaction, and socio-economic status are all prejudiced by the nature of their employment. This study aims to prove that Interstate migrant workers in India are vulnerable in terms of mobility, health, and well-being, by elucidating a comparative analysis between their respective professions and livelihood, during the Pre- and Post-COVID-19. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of creating fair and supportive working environments for all individuals, regardless of their background or status.
... However, mot enough is known about migrants' social outcomes (Glover, et al., 2001). The process of work participation in Delhi National Capital Region (NCR) is highly selective and is in favour of male workers (Bora, 2014 ...
Migration is the most important component of population dynamics affecting the demography of cities. In India, nearly two-third of the population in 2011 was migrant population. Given the rapid rate of urban growth accompanied by aspirations of economic development, the internally migrant population has and is expected to play a major role in shaping not only the future population dynamics but also the socio-economic landscape. It is generally hypothesized that out-migration for work is ‘male-selective’ and even though females are more migratory than males (E.G. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration, 1885), when it comes to migration to large industrial-commercial centres for work, males outnumber females. The migrant population modifying the demography of urban India is already manifested in the top-heavy urban structure and the adverse sex ratio in some of the largest urban centres of the country. This paper using the case of the NCT of Delhi has tried to examine whether migration to the national capital for work is male-selective. The migration for work to Delhi is certainly male-selective and males outnumber females by a factor of 12. Most of the in-migrants to Delhi are literate, for both genders. However, a major proportion of in-migrant male workers are educated only up to the senior secondary level. On the other hand, proportion of women workers with graduate or higher degrees is higher than for males. However, when all types of in-migrants of considered, there is almost parity between males and females.
... Push factors, also known as factors of necessity, and pull factors, also known as factors of opportunity. [2][3][4] According to Williams, C. C., 3 push factors can be understood as unemployment, underemployment, and dissatisfaction with current employment. "Necessity" entrepreneurs were forced into entrepreneurship due to a lack of alternatives. ...
Background - Handling non-observed activities pose major challenges to the governments and other stakeholders. Non-observed activities refer to underground activities, illegal activities, informal sector and any other activities that result in goods or services consumed by the household. The impact of these non-observed activities shows that the volume of people involved in the informal sector will rapidly increase. Informal economic activities are technically illegal yet are not intended as antisocial, thereby remaining acceptable to many individuals within the society. This research aimed to identify the factors that lead to entrepreneurial necessity and opportunity.
Methods – The data of 51 respondents who were employed as informal entrepreneurs in Klang Valley areas in Malaysia was collected with the use of a questionnaire and convenient and proportionate sampling techniques. The data were analysed using SPSS software.
Results – The two primary drivers of informal entrepreneurial activity were necessity and opportunity. The inability to find a formal job was an example of being driven by necessity. Meanwhile, individuals that are driven by opportunity chose to work independently in these informal sectors. Between necessity and engagement, refinement acted as a mediator. Often, necessity and opportunity do not automatically translate into successful entrepreneurship; further refinement is required in terms of market potential, technology usage, location preferences, and capital requirements. Improved refinement results in increased entrepreneurial engagement.
Conclusions - The role and contribution of the informal sector entrepreneurship in economic development need to be evaluated and not just observed as an opportunity for individuals who choose this type of career. Therefore, further research is required in a wider variety of contexts to evaluate whether the same remains true in different populations. The results of this study can be useful for the government to set policies to encourage the transition of informal to formal entrepreneurships in Malaysia.
... The level of poverty line measures varies at different times and in countries. In India, the poverty line determines the minimum level of food requirement, clothing, education, etc.(Bora, 2014). ...
Migration is an essential livelihood strategy in rapidly developing, low‐income contexts. However, this article seeks to analyze occupation choices and the struggle for livelihood among laborers. This study carried out both secondary and primary data; the primary survey was conducted in the Udupi district of Karnataka. Detailed information was gathered from both individual and household levels. According to National Sample Survey data, construction offers the main occupation for short duration migrants, absorbing 36.2% of total short duration migration. However, the field survey findings indicated that at the destination, the construction sector migrants are more vulnerable and struggle for their lives and livelihood in the urban labor segments—poverty and rural unemployment a significant reasons to push the laborers into the construction segment.
... The second stage in the development of social and environmental structure of Wazirpur area was the fast, chaotic growth in the industrial activities of Delhi after the mid-1980s (Bora, 2014). Steel utensil factories burgeoned, along with a growing concentration of chemical and metal industries in the entire Wazirpur. ...
Industries develop in India in a particular form of exploitation of human, natural and social structures, where nature is industrialised and caste is naturalised. The division of labour in a factory interacts with caste hierarchy in society, where a dalit working body, physicality and social positions play an important role within the production process, under the control of capital. The environmental politics against pollution can create an industrial and social environment within which polluting industries and ‘impurity’ of dalit labourers’ bodies become synonymous with each other. Based on the analytic frameworks of Marx and B.R. Ambedkar and an extensive field study of an industrial area in Delhi, the article narrates how dalit labourers in stainless steel utensil factories move in and out of the industrial ecosystem and how they contest the repressive nature of their work and environment.
... Push factors, also known as factors of necessity, and pull factors, also known as factors of opportunity. [2][3][4] According to Williams, C. C., 3 push factors can be understood as unemployment, underemployment, and dissatisfaction with current employment. "Necessity" entrepreneurs were forced into entrepreneurship due to a lack of alternatives. ...
Background - Handling non-observed activities pose major challenges to the governments and other stakeholders. Non-observed activities refer to underground activities, illegal activities, informal sector and any other activities that result in goods or services consumed by the household. The impact of these non-observed activities shows that the volume of people involved in the informal sector will rapidly increase. Informal economic activities are technically illegal yet are not intended as antisocial, thereby remaining acceptable to many individuals within the society. This research aimed to identify the factors that lead to entrepreneurial necessity and opportunity.
Methods – The data of 51 respondents who were employed as informal entrepreneurs in Klang Valley areas in Malaysia was collected with the use of a questionnaire and convenient and proportionate sampling techniques. The data were analysed using SPSS software.
Results – The two primary drivers of informal entrepreneurial activity were necessity and opportunity. The inability to find a formal job was an example of being driven by necessity. Meanwhile, individuals that are driven by opportunity chose to work independently in these informal sectors. Between necessity and engagement, refinement acted as a mediator. Often, necessity and opportunity do not automatically translate into successful entrepreneurship; further refinement is required in terms of market potential, technology usage, location preferences, and capital requirements. Improved refinement results in increased entrepreneurial engagement.
Conclusions - The role and contribution of the informal sector entrepreneurship in economic development need to be evaluated and not just observed as an opportunity for individuals who choose this type of career. Therefore, further research is required in a wider variety of contexts to evaluate whether the same remains true in different populations. The results of this study can be useful for the government to set policies to encourage the transition of informal to formal entrepreneurships in Malaysia.
... fe phsu s ish peeesap, eua loe sa od siaee ec eap eopep Tha eo ep deac ea seles ea e eai p od lea aeeee oe uep aae eeT p ee soee eha eo a soep TaiaT ep e dheTe aeeee poehe oe, Therefore, the policy of spatial decentralization based on the creation of new towns, which is known as one of the shortest forms of decentralization in developing countries is chosen as a model of urban sprawl development . (Bora, 2014) [8] The experience of developing new towns in industrialized and developed countries has proved the role of such towns in managing the urban functions and population overflow and achieving the goals of their formation (i.e. decentralization and distribution of the urban population). ...
... fe phsu s ish peeesap, eua loe sa od siaee ec eap eopep Tha eo ep deac ea seles ea e eai p od lea aeeee oe uep aae eeT p ee soee eha eo a soep TaiaT ep e dheTe aeeee poehe oe, Therefore, the policy of spatial decentralization based on the creation of new towns, which is known as one of the shortest forms of decentralization in developing countries is chosen as a model of urban sprawl development . (Bora, 2014) [8] The experience of developing new towns in industrialized and developed countries has proved the role of such towns in managing the urban functions and population overflow and achieving the goals of their formation (i.e. decentralization and distribution of the urban population). ...
... Informal workers are vulnerable, characterized by low wages. They often lack medical insurance (Bora, 2014), access to adequate housing and infrastructure, and have limited collective bargaining capacity (Baviskar, 2019). ...
Inequity is deeply embedded in the supply of drinking water in Delhi, India. Using the concept of infrastructural violence, this paper exposes how past and present governance of water has resulted in unequal distribution of supply across the city to exclude vulnerable communities from accessing drinking water. This perspective broadens the gaze away from a narrow gaze on the technical and structural aspects of infrastructure to encompass the socio-political dimensions. This paper starts by outlining the history of the water supply in Delhi. We then outline five axes of exclusion which can be read as infrastructural violence and explores how aspects of water policy, legislation, and planning uphold these injustices. Our discussion centers on how economics, political ideology, and power infiltrate governing mechanisms to influence water infrastructure to entrench poverty and marginalization. Attempts to improve water security for Delhi's residents face minimal impact without addressing these embedded inequities. Therefore, our analysis offers a framework to systematically create awareness of the factors to be addressed to enable a more equitable governance of water supply.
... The extreme climatic conditions affected crop production leading to borrowing of money from financers and in turn, trapped them in debt. This forced them to leave their home and migrate to cities in search of employment (Bora, 2014;Mehrotra, 2019). Apart from 'push', there are pull factors such as growing demand for cheap labour, leading to inflow of migrants in the cities. ...
Covid-19 pandemic impacted both life and livelihood. The lockdown severely affected economically weaker section workers who mostly belong to informal sector. Among informal sector workers, three million are women domestic workers whom pandemic forced to stay at home. Despite government’s request, employers’ resistance to release the salary impacted their socio-economic wellbeing. The announcement of stimulus packages provided limited relief. The study analyses the difficulties experienced by women domestic workers. The workers residing in large cities were the hardest hit, as many international and national organisations were closed. Using secondary data, turmoil of women domestic workers is presented. The analysis revealed the impact of lockdown and highlighted that there is a gap in implementation of law and relief measures. The study recommends adopting innovative public–private partnerships to enhance socio-economic development of women domestic workers.
