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Workability (slump) of fly ash based geopolymer concrete with different content of alccofines from 0% to 10% ( FA-Fly ash, AF-Alccofine)
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Geopolymer concrete is environmentally friendly and could be considered as a construction material to promote the sustainable development. In this paper fly ash based geopolymer concretes with different percentages of alccofine were made by mixing sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as an alkaline activator and cured at ambient as well as heat env...
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Context 1
... of GPC mixes was studied using slump cone test and is presented in Fig. 1. The fresh geopolymer concrete mixes were observed highly harsh and particularly in the case of GPC with unprocessed fly ash which produced slump less concrete. Workability of fresh geopolymer mix was significantly improved by using 2% Naphthalene Sulphonate based superplasticizer. It was observed that the workability of geopolymer ...
Context 2
... mixture prepared with unprocessed fly ash results into slump less concrete i.e., the slump obtained was zero. Fig. 1 shows that GPC mix made with processed type of fly ash provides a measurable slump value which gets improved significantly on increasing the fly ash content. The small increment in slump value was observed from 20 mm to 55 mm on increasing fly ash content from 350 kg/m 3 to 400 kg/m 3 ...
Context 3
... concrete mix containing alccofine results into good workable concrete showing a significant increase in workability on increasing the alccofine content as shown in Fig. 1. A collapse slump was observed with 10% alccofine content due to its microfine structure with fineness more than 12000 cm 2 /gm ( Patel et al. 2014). Further, the slump was comparable for the mix with 10% alccofine with minimum fly ash content to that of maximum fly ash content without ...
Context 4
... that alccofine has higher fineness and is rich in alumina content. Therefore, the hydration is more effective in the presence of rich silica material as fly ash and rich alumina material alccofine. Moreover ultra-high fineness of alccofine subsequently may have plugged the microspores enhancing the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. Fig. 1 shows X-ray diffraction curves for geopolymer concrete with and without alccofine. The same figure also shows the curves for alccofine and fly ash. A comparison which immediately clarifies that polymerization has transformed amorphous material into crystal material and more significantly in the presence of alccofine. The intensity of ...
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Citations
... The interaction effects among Alccofine, alkaline solution, and copper slag create synergistic benefits for strength development, When Alccofine (40%) combines with optimal Na₂SiO₃/NaOH ratio (2.5) and copper slag (30%). Alccofine enhances geopolymerization through improved particle packing and reactive silica availability [26]. This interaction copper slag with alkaline activators facilitates better dissolution of aluminosilicates and formation of stronger geopolymer networks [59]. ...
The growing emphasis on sustainable construction has led to a search for eco-friendly alternatives to traditional binders, with geopolymer concrete emerging as a key solution. This study uniquely explores the combined use of alccofine and copper slag in Class F fly ash-based geopolymer concrete, optimized through the Taguchi experimental design under ambient curing conditions, thereby addressing critical mechanical strength challenges in the absence of thermal curing. Using the Taguchi method for optimization, the study investigates the influence of alccofine percentage, sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide (Na2SiO3/NaOH) ratio, and copper slag content on GPC properties. An L16 orthogonal array was employed to minimize experimental trials while examining compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and workability (slump) of the resulting GPC. The results revealed that a mix with 40% alccofine, a Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 2.5, and 30% copper slag achieved the maximum compressive strength of 45.80 MPa. Optimal tensile strength was observed at 40% alccofine, a Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 3.0, and 10% copper slag. In terms of workability, the highest slump value was attained with 20% alccofine, indicating superior flow properties. These findings demonstrate the potential of alccofine and copper slag to enhance GPC performance, particularly in ambient curing conditions, providing a sustainable substitute for upcoming concrete materials.
... However, during the curing (polymerization) process, the presence of water in ASP tries to evaporate leaving shrinkage cracks. Hence, instead of water, super plasticizers such as alcofine, and plastocrete are required to improve the workability [10,11]. ...
Purpose
Alumino-silicate(geo)polymer (ASP) has created a better alternative to conventional concrete and is being under continuous study owing to the environmental benefits. However, the ASP mortar possesses certain constraints of poor workability, whereas the workability and mechanical properties are inversely proportional to each other. On the other hand, a large amount of cellulose pulp filtrate (liquor waste) is generated from the pulp industries, which pollutes/exploits the land. To overcome the above issues, the present study aimed to utilize the cellulose pulp filtrate waste in the formulation of ASP mortar to study its influences in terms of workability and mechanical properties.
Methods
The ASP mortar was developed by using fly-ash, a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate at a ratio of 1:2.5 along with different admixtures (systems 1–5) viz., liquor waste, NaOH, water, and anti-microbial (AM) filtrate. The physio-mechanical and anti-microbial properties of ASP mortars were studied.
Results
From the analysis, the addition of cellulose pulp filtrate proportionating the workability by improving the slump value (28 mm) as well as enhancing the mechanical properties like compressive strength (37.74 MPa), and flexural strength (5.30 MPa) of about 1.5 times higher than the control.
Conclusion
The present study paves an avenue to overcome the constraints of the ASP mortar by utilizing liquor waste, which also could provide zero discharge/wastage from pulp manufacturing industries.
... M25 grades of concrete was made and used two different water cement ratio after conducting slump cone test, 0.4, 0.45 and 0.5 . These include a control mixture containing 4,8,12,16,17,20,25,50,75 and 100% Alccofine as cement replacement. The specimens casted are undergone curing at atmospheric temperature. ...
In the construction field, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) have brought about a technological revolution in the manufacturing of concrete as a partial replacement or addition to conventional binder mass. Keeping this in mind, this paper aims to summarise and discuss the reported findings on the mechanical and durability properties of alccofine-1203 based concretes. It is also aimed to give a better understanding of the behaviour and effect of alccofine-1203 as an SCM in various types of concretes. The alccofine-1203 has ultra-fine particles with a unique chemical composition that improves the hydration process and pozzolanic reaction. Therefore, its incorporation in concrete has resulted in good workability, reduction in segregation, reduction in heat of hydration, and reduction in permeability to concrete, and increased the rate of hydration process and improved the pozzolanic reaction to achieve high strength to concrete at the early curing stage. The presence of calcium (CaO) and silica (SiO2) in alccofine-1203 improved the mechanical and durability properties of concrete better than the other SCMs. From the literature review, the optimum dosage of alccofine-1203 is obtained between 8% to 12%, and at these percentages, the improvement in mechanical and durability properties of the concrete is highest
... By partially substituting alccofine for cement in concrete, the consumption of cement is reduced, resulting in a decrease in CO 2 emissions associated with cement manufacturing. Due to the controlled granulation process, alccofine-1101 contains ultra-fine particles with a fineness of 12,000 cm 2 /gm and a distinctive chemistry [11][12][13][14]. The use of alcofine-1101 in the production of concrete not only enhances the concrete's compressive strength but also its flowability and workability [15][16][17][18][19][20]. ...
The development of a country's infrastructure relies heavily on the use of cement concrete as the major building material. The aggregate represents a substantial amount of the total volume of concrete. However, the continuous exploitation of granite rock to obtain coarse aggregate adds to the growing demand for natural resources among future generations. The cement industry significantly contributes to global warming due to its substantial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Reducing the consumption of cement in concrete, while maintaining its essential features, might lead to a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly advancement of the construction sector. This study explores the use of agricultural waste coconut shell as a replacement for traditional aggregate in concrete, resulting in the creation of lightweight coconut shell concrete. The alccofine- 1101 consists of ultrafine particles that have a unique composition, which improves the pozzolanic and hydration processes in concrete. Cement was supplemented with Alccofine substitutes, which varied in proportion from 5% to 15%. The findings indicated that substituting 10% of alccofine improved the workability and strength characteristics of the lightweight coconut shell concrete. Utilizing a blend of coconut shell and alccofine in concrete would represent the most ecologically conscientious choice within the construction sector.
... This suggests that an increased FA amount in the mixture Does not always lead to more robust concrete. Jindal et al. [74] reported that fly ash content of 350-400 kg/m 3 for 21-42 MPa is appropriate. According to Patankar et al. [75], the amount of FA can be determined by referring to Fig. 6, considering the fineness of FA and the desired Cr of GPC. ...
Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) is an innovative type of concrete that offers significant advancements in sustainability and environmental impact, particularly in the areas of recycling and alternative construction techniques. Geopolymers provide a sustainable and energy-efficient alternative to Portland cement binder for civil infrastructure applications. They have a low carbon footprint and can completely replace Portland cement. However, there is no established specification or standard for developing GPC mixes. This is partially due to the numerous variables that influence the production of GPC, including the properties of unprocessed materials, the kind and amount of the activator, and the cure program. This review study aims to provide a comprehensive and up-todate analysis of the various methods used in the design of geopolymer concrete (GPC). This paper examines three different mix proportioning methodologies for GPC: the target strength, the performance approach, and statistical approaches. It is recommended to select a design method based on production conditions and GPC requirements.
... By partially substituting alccofine for cement in concrete, the consumption of cement is reduced, resulting in a decrease in CO 2 emissions associated with cement manufacturing. Due to the controlled granulation process, alccofine-1101 contains ultra-fine particles with a fineness of 12,000 cm 2 /gm and a distinctive chemistry [11][12][13][14]. The use of alcofine-1101 in the production of concrete not only enhances the concrete's compressive strength but also its flowability and workability [15][16][17][18][19][20]. ...
The development of a country's infrastructure relies heavily on the use of cement concrete as the major building material. The aggregate represents a substantial amount of the total volume of concrete. However, the continuous exploitation of granite rock to obtain coarse aggregate adds to the growing demand for natural resources among future generations. The cement industry significantly contributes to global warming due to its substantial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Reducing the consumption of cement in concrete, while maintaining its essential features, might lead to a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly advancement of the construction sector. This study explores the use of agricultural waste coconut shell as a replacement for traditional aggregate in concrete, resulting in the creation of lightweight coconut shell concrete. The alccofine-1101 consists of ultrafine particles that have a unique composition, which improves the pozzolanic and hydration processes in concrete. Cement was supplemented with Alccofine substitutes, which varied in proportion from 5% to 15%. The findings indicated that substituting 10% of alccofine improved the workability and strength characteristics of the lightweight coconut shell concrete. Utilizing a blend of coconut shell and alccofine in concrete would represent the most ecologically conscientious choice within the construction sector.
... The demand for high concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (with a molarity of 10 M) and alkaline solutions, typically around 8 M to 12 M, as well as the lower strength development during curing at ambient temperature, are critical challenges to the widespread implementation of FA in GC [7]. The low strength of the FA-based GC mixes was linked to the low content of calcium [7] and low reactivity of the FA binder [8]. ...
... The demand for high concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (with a molarity of 10 M) and alkaline solutions, typically around 8 M to 12 M, as well as the lower strength development during curing at ambient temperature, are critical challenges to the widespread implementation of FA in GC [7]. The low strength of the FA-based GC mixes was linked to the low content of calcium [7] and low reactivity of the FA binder [8]. In addition, GGBFS includes significant quantities of Al, Si, and Ca, making it a suitable binder for GC mixes [9]. ...
... Hence, the fresh condition of GC is distinct from A c c e p t e d m a n u s c r i p t ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 9 OPC [21]. As a result, GC can have issues with workability, but self-compacted geopolymer concretes (SCGC) can be developed [7][8][9][10][11]. It is a novel phenomenon in concrete construction. ...
Geopolymers are considered a sustainable substitute for Ordinary Portland Cement, but they do have an impact on the early age and long-term qualities of concrete, specifically its workability. This study evaluates the feasibility of developing sustainable self-compacted geopolymer concrete, using recycled concrete aggregates. The geopolymer consisted of ground granulated blast furnace slag and fly ash activated with sodium alkalis. The fly ash was replaced with slag at contents of 50% and 70% while the natural coarse aggregates was replaced with recycled concrete aggregates at contents of 30%, 50%, and 100%. A series of five mixes were designated in this study with a total binder content of (450 kg/m3) and an alkaline/binder ratio of 0.5. There were three mixes of self-compacting geopolymer concrete that were made using different amounts of recycled concrete aggregates 0%, 50%, and 100%. Additionally, there were two more mixes that used 100% recycled concrete aggregates, but with different proportions of fly ash and slag binders: 70% fly ash and 30% slag, and 50% fly ash and 50% slag. The fresh properties were assessed through slump flow, J-ring flow, V-funnel, J-rig height, L-box, and sieve segregation tests. Compressive strength, flexural strength, and static modulus of elasticity in terms of mechanical characteristics and fracture parameters such as the load–displacement curve, fracture energy, and stress intensity factor were also measured. The sorptivity of the developed mixtures was also evaluated in this study. The findings confirm that recycled concrete aggregates and slag negatively affect the workability of self-compacted geopolymer concrete mixtures, except for segregation resistance. The mechanical properties, fracture parameters, and sorptivity of fly ash based self-compacted geopolymer concrete are reduced by recycled concrete aggregates and enhanced by slag. It was found that a high-strength (77 MPa) self-compacted geopolymer concrete can be made with a mix containing 50/50 fly ash/slag and 100% recycled concrete aggregates. The results were compared with prediction models of mechanical properties developed by standard codes of practice and previous studies. It was shown that these predictive models do not effectively capture the properties of the self-compacted geopolymer concrete.
... It produces waste from various processes including sludge, slags, and ashes. [4][5][6] According to the central electricity authority report of 19-20, around 40 million tons of fly ash is unutilized and disposed of on land, causing a severe threat to the environment. 7 Many researchers tried to replace natural aggregates with lightweight aggregates made from fly ash through cold bonding, thermal treatment, and sintering. ...
Marble waste and fly ash are industrial waste, and disposal of these wastes is a big challenge for environmental sustainability. In this study, we explore an innovative approach to sustainable construction by utilizing industrial by-products: sintered fly ash aggregate (SFA) and waste marble sand in lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC). This study used SFA as a coarse aggregate, whereas river sand was partially replaced by waste marble sand (10–50 %). The waste marble sand modified LWAC has been investigated for mechanical and durability properties. The test related to permeability like water absorption, sorptivity, permeability, and drying shrinkage has been performed. Mercury intrusion porosimetry test was performed to validate durability results. The results indicate that 30 % of river sand can be replaced with waste marble sand as it improves the overall performance of LWAC. Our research contributes to global sustainability efforts by providing a method to reduce industrial waste through its incorporation in building materials. This study not only addresses the urgent need for environmental preservation but also offers potential enhancements in the mechanical properties of LWAC, making it a viable and eco-friendly option in the construction industry worldwide.
... Researchers have attempted geopolymerization of FA (Ahmad Zailani et al., 2020), GGBS (Aziz et al., 2020), MK , RHA (Mohd Basri et al., 2021) and myriad other waste byproducts solely. Attempts have also been successfully made to test the behavior of binary (blend of two SCMs) geopolymer mixes in the past (Ismail & El-Hassan, 2018;Jindal et al., 2017;Midhun et al., 2018;Parveen et al., 2019Parveen et al., , 2017Praveen Kumar et al., 2020). Not just the virgin strength but strength on introduction of fiber reinforcement in the mix have also been studied on Unary and Binary mixes (Behfarnia & Rostami, 2017;Choudhary et al., 2022;Ganesan et al., 2017;Kalra et al., 2018;Meena et al., 2013;Midhun et al., 2018;Roy et al., 2018;Sathish Kumar et al., 2021). ...
With rising carbon loads on the environment and the need to support infrastructure development in developing countries, using traditional building materials without disrupting the ecosystem has become a challenge. Several initiatives have been implemented and are continuously being considered to alleviate the current situation. Hence, the current study attempts to reinforce the utility of geopolymer mixes by investigating mechanical properties of ternary geopolymer mortar along with microstructural examination. Blend A, which contains Fly Ash (FA), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), and Metakaolin (MK), and Blend B, which contains FA, GGBS, and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) in varying proportions, have been made with Natural River Sand (NS). Another set of comparable mixes containing Foundry Sand (FS) was also tested to build a performance comparison and propose a possible replacement option for natural river sand in construction. Experimental observations revealed superiority of blend A in mechanical strength over blend B. Also, foundry sand proved to produce mixes with lesser strength in comparison to natural sand mixes. However, all samples with FS were seen to fulfill the minimum strength criteria laid down by IS 2250: 1981. Microstructural tests such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) were also carried out to establish reasoning in the strength variation shown by various blends. The concentration of heavy metals leached out in conformity with APHA 3120 was also tested to analyze the environmental impact of such innovative blends, and no combination was found to leach out heavy metals over the acceptable threshold. The outcomes of the study, thus support the usage of ternary geopolymer mixes over unary and binary mixes for high-quality precast member production.
... Similarly, the work focused on the improved workability and reduced water demand in ternary blended concrete with Alccofine. However, while existing literature provides valuable insights into the individual effects of ternary blending and Alccofine incorporation, a comprehensive comparative study of flexural strength in M30 grade concrete is lacking [7,8]. This research aims to address this gap by conducting a comparative experimental and statistical analysis of flexural strength in M30 grade concrete with 20% Alccofine as a partial replacement for cement, against traditional concrete. ...
The primary aim of this research is to conduct a comprehensive comparative experimental and statistical study on the flexural strength of a novel ternary blended high-performance M30 grade concrete incorporating 20% Alcofine in comparison to traditional concrete.The components employed in the experimental investigation of high-performance M30 concrete incorporating Alcofine, in contrast to conventional concrete, comprise cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, Alcofine, and additional cementitious materials like fly ash and silica fume. The Flexural Strength of high-performance M30 concrete containing Alcofine significantly influences the performance of concrete structures, rendering it a critical mechanical property for examination in the comparative analysis. The mean flexural strength of the Conventional Concrete group measured 8.1111 N/mm^2, with a standard deviation of 0.75840 and a standard error of the mean of 0.17876. In contrast, the Ternary Blended Concrete group exhibited a higher mean flexural strength of 12.5000 N/mm^2, coupled with a larger standard deviation of 2.09341 and a standard error of the mean of 0.49342. The statistical power analysis, involving parameters such as alpha (α) and beta (β), with commonly used values of 0.05 or 0.01, indicates a significance level of 5% or 1%, respectively. Further research could delve into refining the optimal percentage of Alcofine and exploring its long-term performance under varying environmental conditions. Keywords: Ternary Blended Concrete; Alcofine; Flexural Strength; Comparative Analysis; Statistical Study
