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This preliminary research was aimed at finding the roots in various Eurasian proto-languages directly related to pulses and giving the words denoting the same in modern European languages. Six Proto-Indo-European roots were indentified, namely arnk(')- ('a leguminous plant'), *bhabh- ('field bean'), *[Formula: see text] ('a kernel of leguminous pla...
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... Classical languages are fraught with difficulties, primarily due to a lack of resources and often complex writing systems. Many ancient languages were written using symbols or scripts that had no modern equivalents, making translation difficult [6]. For example, the discovery of the Rosetta stone, a bilingual text that was the key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs, was necessary. ...
Deciphering and interpreting ancient languages has become a critical part of understanding human history and culture. Traditional methods of studying these languages, such as linguistic analysis and archeology, are limited by a availability of experts such as linguists, limited documentation, and complications in archival recording. The rise of education and research into artificial intelligence in the recent years, especially into natural language processing and large language models, has opened new opportunities to learn and maintain these languages. This paper explores the role of the LLM's. in documenting ancient languages, protecting endangered languages, and applying them to language research. The challenges of artificial intelligence, critical education with limited resources, the ethical considerations involved, and prospects are discussed. Through these discussions, this paper aims to discuss how artificial intelligence technologies are changing the way we interact with our linguistic heritage, creating exciting opportunities and challenges for the future.
... As other edible plant species, pulses were first collected by hunter-gatherers. Then, together with cereals, pulses became part of the "agricultural revolution," spreading in post-glacial Europe [2]. V. faba has an efficient atmospheric nitrogen-fixing ability and well adapts to climate change, hence could feed future generations [3,4]. ...
Abstract Broad beans (Vicia faba L.) are rarely consumed in Northern Europe and in the USA, whereas they are constantly present in the culinary habits of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries. This grain legume is characterized by interesting nutritional properties because of high levels of complex carbohydrates, proteins, and dietary fiber, coupled with a low content of saturated lipids and the presence of several bioactive compounds. However, broad beans are much more than a cheap source of nutrients. Among the oldest domesticated legumes, they have also a cultural value linked to an ancient symbolic meaning. Generally associated with funerary rituals, broad beans have also a positive significance being “dead” seeds with a regenerative capacity. This review focuses on the social symbolism of broad bean consumption and its associated rituals. Furthermore, the culinary habits related to this legume are analyzed along different Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries, from Egypt to Iran. Soups, thick gruels, and purees were found to be by far the most common culinary preparations. Using the Egyptian ful medames as a model, the study highlights a link between broad bean–based dishes in different countries, which arises from similar environmental conditions and from cultural interactions along trade routes. Enhancing the knowledge of these ethnic legume-based foods could improve the diet of Western countries by increasing the consumption of legumes.
... We will take liberty and propose a candidate for this still empty place of the ultimate proto-word: it is the Proto-Indo-European root *bhask(')-, denoting bundle and evolving into, among others, the Latin fascis and the Ancient Greek phásko-s (Nikolayev 2012). Perhaps this Ancient Greek word referred to a (cowpea) pod, where the grains are stuck together, just like another attested Proto-Indo-European root, leg'-, meaning to gather, brought forth the well-known legūmen for a pod (Mikić 2012). In any case, phasēlus and Phaseolus have become the basis for the names relating to the species of the eponymous genus, with a verily extraordinary abundance and diversity among those belonging to the Romance group, as testified by the following (Tables 13.1 If we try to simplify all this remarkably extensive and abundant set of data, given in the previous two paragraphs, it may become quite obvious that the names based upon the Latin phasēlus dominate in the southern half of Europe, while those akin to the words denoting faba bean prevail in the northern part. ...
Lexicon of Pulse Crops integrates botanical and linguistic data to analyze and interpret the grain legume significance from the earliest archaeological and written records until the present day. Aimed at both agronomic and linguistic research communities, this book presents a database containing 9,500 common names in more than 900 languages and dialects of all ethnolinguistic families, denoting more than 1,100 botanical taxa of 14 selected pulse crop genera and species.
The book begins with overviews of the world’s economically most important grain legume crops and their uncultivated relatives, as well as the world’s language families with their inner structure, including both extinct and living members. The main section of the text presents 14 specialized book chapters covering Arachis, Cajanus, Cicer, Ervum, Faba, Glycine, Lablab, Lathyrus, Lens, Lupinus, Phaseolus, Pisum, Vicia, and Vigna. They provide the reader with extensive lists of the botanically accepted species and subtaxa and surveys lexicological abundance in all world’s ethnolinguistic families, comprising extinct and living as well as natural and constructed languages, while the vernacular names for the most significant taxa are presented in comprehensive tables. Each of these chapters also presents the existing etymologies and novel approaches to deciphering the origins of common names, accompanied by one original colour plate depicting possible root evolutions in the form of corresponding pulse crop plants.
Other details may be found at the official book web page, https://www.crcpress.com/Lexicon-of-Pulse-Crops/Mikic/p/book/9781138089433.
... 14 Cf. Pokorny 1959Pokorny -1969Gamkrelidze and Ivanov 1995, 557-70;Mikić 2012, 4 September. 15 Cf. ...
In this article, we approach the Neolithization of southern Scandinavia from an archaeolinguistic perspective. Farming arrived in Scandinavia with the Funnel Beaker culture by the turn of the fourth millennium B.C.E. It was superseded by the Single Grave culture, which as part of the Corded Ware horizon is a likely vector for the introduction of Indo-European speech. As a result of this introduction, the language spoken by individuals from the Funnel Beaker culture went extinct long before the beginning of the historical record, apparently vanishing without a trace. However, the Indo-European dialect that ultimately developed into Proto-Germanic can be shown to have adopted terminology from a non-Indo-European language, including names for local flora and fauna and important plant domesticates. We argue that the coexistence of the Funnel Beaker culture and the Single Grave culture in the first quarter of the third millennium B.C.E. offers an attractive scenario for the required cultural and linguistic exchange, which we hypothesize took place between incoming speakers of Indo-European and local descendants of Scandinavia's earliest farmers.
... Dietary pulses, including several varieties of dry beans, peas, chickpeas, and lentils, are the edible seeds of members of the legume family [1]. Pulse crops have a long tradition of being part of human diets, with historical records dating as far back as 10,000 years before present [2], and are rich sources of dietary fiber, protein, antioxidants, minerals (i.e., iron, zinc, magnesium and phosphorous), as well as folate and other B-vitamins [3]. For this reason and for their actions in reducing risk or managing major ...
... CVD, cardiovascular disease; GI, glycemic index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C, LDL-cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2D, type 2 diabetes. 2 Consumption of 100 g/day was considered a reasonable level to adopt into Canadian dietary patterns for decreasing incidence of CVD risk factors. 3 Proportions of the Canadian adult population (≥18 years of age) who would consume a low GI or high fiber diet that includes pulses for T2D management or one serving of 100 g/day of dietary pulse for CVD risk reduction over short term (very pessimistic), short-to-medium term (pessimistic), medium-to-long term (optimistic), and long term (very optimistic) scenarios. ...
... The pessimistic and very pessimistic scenario is a practical short-to-medium-term, and immediate estimate of cost savings that could follow when 15% and 5% of adults with T2D follow a low GI or high fiber diet with pulses. 2 Indirect costs only include values of lost production due to reduced working time associated with illness, injury, or premature death, and do not include any valuation of morbidity and mortality themselves. Table 6. ...
Consumption of dietary pulses, including beans, peas and lentils, is recommended by health authorities across jurisdictions for their nutritional value and effectiveness in helping to prevent and manage major diet-related illnesses of significant socioeconomic burden. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential annual healthcare and societal cost savings relevant to rates of reduction in complications from type 2 diabetes (T2D) and incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) following a low glycemic index (GI) or high fiber diet that includes pulses, or 100 g/day pulse intake in Canada, respectively. A four-step cost-of-illness analysis was conducted to: (1) estimate the proportions of individuals who are likely to consume pulses; (2) evaluate the reductions in established risk factors for T2D and CVD; (3) assess the percent reduction in incidences or complications of the diseases of interest; and (4) calculate the potential annual savings in relevant healthcare and related costs. A low GI or high fiber diet that includes pulses and 100 g/day pulse intake were shown to potentially yield Can2.6–62.4 (95% CI 26–98.8) and Can11.1–315.5 (95% CI 110.6–520.4) million in savings on annual healthcare and related costs of T2D and CVD, respectively. Specific provincial/territorial analyses suggested annual T2D and CVD related cost savings that ranged from up to Can135 million in others. In conclusion, with regular consumption of pulse crops, there is a potential opportunity to facilitate T2D and CVD related socioeconomic cost savings that could be applied to Canadian healthcare or re-assigned to other priority domains. Whether these potential cost savings will be offset by other healthcare costs associated with longevity and diseases of the elderly is to be investigated over the long term.
... These crops are also indicated in ancient texts of the Fertile Crescent and adjacent areas, e.g., Akkadian, Old Babylonian (Semitic languages), Hittite (Indo-European, IE), and Sumerian (reviewed in Dugan, 2015). Linguistic indications of pulse crops in ancient Greek, Latin, Old Slavic, etc., and more recent languages have been summarized (Mikić, 2012). However, there remain areas in which data are scarce or in which there is conspicuous dissent from consensus. ...
... Presence of pulse crops is not yet conclusively documented, and they may have been absent, although they are present in the archeobotanical record for regions bordering the Steppes (Dugan, 2015). Archeobotanical evidence for pulses appears lacking in the Steppes when archeobotanical sites with recovery of pulses are mapped (Mikić, 2012(Mikić, , 2015a(Mikić, , 2016Mikić et al., 2014). One possible explanation for archeological recovery of remains of cereals in the Steppes, but not of pulses, is that Bronze Age Steppes were semiarid, as indicated by paleoclimatic studies (Alekseeva et al., 2007;Khomutova et al., 2007;Mitusov et al., 2009). ...
... Mikić (2016), indicates a putatively PIE root * er@g w [h] -("a kernel of a leguminous plant") as originating in the Steppes just northeast of the Black Sea. Mikić (2015a,b) attributes to PIE additional words for legumes, including pea and lentil, as do Mikić (2009Mikić ( , 2011Mikić ( , 2012 and Mikić et al. (2008). The notion that PIE contains words for legumes is now embedded in agronomic literature, including this journal (Mikić, 2015c). ...
Accurate understanding of crop biogeography facilitates comprehension of agronomic potential, genetic diversity, and crop–pathogen evolution. Classic perspectives are exemplified by Vavilov (1987), a posthumous compilation, and Harlan (1971). Origin and geographic spread of a given crop provide clues as to environmental interactions, including relative adaption to pests, pathogens, and abiotic factors (Dark and Gent, 2001; Dugan, 2015). Great antiquity of pulse crops (pea, chickpea, lentil, bitter vetch, faba bean) is documented archeobotanically for the Fertile Crescent and several adjacent areas, including much of Europe in succeeding times (e.g., Abbo et al., 2003, 2006; Zohary et al., 2012; Mikic et al., 2014).
... In all plant species, the process of domestication led to certain morphological changes that, in many aspects, may, more or less, resemble the methods of selection used in both past and contemporary plant breeding programmes: this may be rather valid for breeding programmes on common and, especially, other vetches in developing countries, where the methods, such as mass selection or individual selection from a local wild or irregularly cultivated landraces, is still widely practised (Mikić 2008). In grain legumes, among the major criteria to determine the domestication are non-dehiscent pods, larger seed size and smooth seed coat (Smýkal et al. 2015). ...
... The Proto-Indo-European *weik-meaning to avoid, initially gave the Latin vincīre, meaning to bind, and then vicia, denoting vetches in general. It is the last one that, in one or more steps, produced the words denoting vetches in most European languages, such as the Breton gweg, German Wicke and the Hungarian bükköny (Mikić 2012). At the same time, the words denoting vetches in many European languages are derived from the words denoting pea, such in Ukrainian with goroshok, Romanian with mȃzȃriche or Georgian with tsertsvela, derived from tsertsvi. ...
Vetches (Vicia spp.) were part of the everyday diet of the modern human Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers at the end of the last Ice Age. Among the major criteria to determine the domestication in vetches and other ancient grain legumes are non-dehiscent pods, larger seed size and smooth seed coat. The seeds of bitter vetch [V. ervilia (L.) Willd.] were found among both the earliest findings of wild collected plants from Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic, from 12th millennium BC cal and the storages of domesticated crops of the Near East Neolithic. Vetches entered Europe in its south-east regions and progressed into its interior via Danube. Archaeological findings offer nice examples that confirm the importance vetches had in the primeval agriculture in Europe and its adjacent regions. Apart from the samples of cultivated vetches used either for food or feed or both, there is rich archaobotanical evidence on the wild and weedy vetch species in diverse European ecosystems. Recently the first known success has been obtained in the extraction of ancient DNA from charred bitter vetch seeds. The future research on this subject certainly must make a more detailed map of the paths of the vetch distribution over Europe and, especially, its long-term and essentially important ties with their domestication and distribution in Asia Minor, Near East and North Africa. The initiated research on the vetch ancient DNA should bring more light onto the individual steps of the earliest days of vetch crops. The preliminary historical linguistic analysis assessed two Proto-Indo-European roots associated with vetches, *erəg
w
(h)— denoting pea, and *weik— meaning to
avoid, initially gave the Latin vincīre, meaning to
bind, and then vicia, denoting vetches in general. This multidisciplinary approach will hopefully be a useful reminder how widespread and important vetches used to be, as well as a tool for their re-introduction as presently neglected crops into the contemporary European agriculture.
... In the English language, pulse was used since the late 13 th century in Mid- dle English for summarizing the then-known old-world grain food legumes such as peas, beans, and lentils (Online Etymology Dictionary, 2015). As soybean was unknown to the western world until the year 1712 when the German botanist Engelbert Kaempfer for the first time described it in full botanical detail (Kaempfer, 1712;Hymowitz and Newell, 1981), it had never been counted among the pulse crops which all were well established since ancient times in the Proto-Indo-European languages (Mikić, 2012). Historically and in traditional Asian soy-food preparations, soybean has not been used as an oilseed; it was only in the early 20 th century that industrial separation of soybean into oil and protein fractions was developed for separate utilization of oil and defatted meal in various food and feed industry applications (Hymowitz and Newell, 1981). ...
The United Nations have declared 2016 as the International Year of Pulses, which aims at communicating the various benefits of legume cropping and legume-protein-based food consumption. As the term “pulses” is inherently excluding soybean from other grain legumes, this review aims at challenging the scientific justification of this separation from both historical and crop science perspectives toward a better understanding of grain legumes and their contributions to food security. An analysis of the historical development and uses of the term “pulses” reveals that it is not used unambiguously throughout the recent scientific literature, and that the separation of soybean from other grain legumes occurred rather recently. Soybean, while being extensively used as an oilseed and animal feedstuff in some parts of the world, is an important protein crop species in other regions with a seed protein content of 40% and outstanding nutritional and food health properties as compared to most other grain legumes. Owing to similar agronomic features such as symbiotic nitrogen fixation and comparable seed protein properties, it does not seem scientifically justified to separate soybean from other food legumes. Therefore, focusing on “grain legumes” rather than “pulses” would better support food security and nutritional quality goals.
... This is most evident if the plant aDNA studies are integrated with the research on ancient human populations, archaeobotany of cultivated plants and historical linguistics assessing the origin and derivation of the 'agricultural' vocabulary. Such joint efforts may produce verily seminal discoveries (Mikić et al., 2014), such as casting much more light onto the language spoken by the first farmers in the world (Diamond and Bellwood, 2003), confirming that the bearers of the 'agricultural revolution' in Europe were immigrants from Near East (Haak et al., 2010) or making possible to concurrently follow the human migrations and language development (Balter and Gibbons, 2015) and assessing the connections among the well-established ethnolinguistic families at a significantly earlier time than conventionally considered (Gell-Mann et al., 2009;Mikić, 2012Mikić, , 2015. ...
Ancient DNA (aDNA) is any DNA extracted from ancient specimens, important for diverse evolutionary researches. The major obstacles in aDNA studies are mutations, contamination and fragmentation. Its studies may be crucial for crop history if integrated with human aDNA research and historical linguistics, both general and relating to agriculture. Legumes (Fabaceae) are one of the richest end economically most important plant families, not only from Neolithic onwards, since they were used as food by Neanderthals and Paleolithic modern man. The idea of extracting and analyzing legume aDNA was considered beneficial for both basic science and applied research, with an emphasis on genetic resources and plant breeding. The first reported successful and attested extraction of the legume aDNA was done from the sample of charred seeds of pea (Pisum sativum) and bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) from Hissar, southeast Serbia, dated to 1,350–1,000 Before Christ. A modified version of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method and the commercial kit for DNA extraction QIAGEN DNAesy yielded several ng μl⁻¹ of aDNA of both species and, after the whole genome amplification and with a fragment of nuclear ribosomal DNA gene 26S rDNA, resulted in the detection of the aDNA among the PCR products. A comparative analysis of four informative chloroplast DNA regions (trnSG, trnK, matK, and rbcL) among the modern wild and cultivated pea taxa demonstrated not only that the extracted aDNA was genuine, on the basis of mutation rate, but also that the ancient Hissar pea was most likely an early domesticated crop, related to the modern wild pea of a neighboring region. It is anticipated that this premier extraction of legume aDNA may provide taxonomists with the answers to diverse questions, such as leaf development in legumes, as well as with novel data on the single steps in domesticating legume crops worldwide.
... Vicia faba L., and lens, cf. Ervum lens L. (Mikić 2012). This research was aimed at searching the sources of the Latin or Old Greek words Linnaeus used to denote the genera and the species of the most ancient Eurasian grain legume crops. ...
The nomenclatural revision that is used to name some old world legume species aims to explain the origin of the Latin and Old Greek words Linnaeus used to denote some of the most ancient and traditional Eurasian grain legume crops, such as pea, lentil, field bean and vetches. The results of this revision establishes a firm link between the Linnaean words used today with their origins in the Proto-Indo-European language and give a wealth of their cognates in the other branches of the Indo-European family. The results found a remarkable level of conservativeness of the words the ancestors of the modem Indo-European nations of Europe used to denote grain legumes a millennium ago, as well as a rich exchange between both Indo-European people and their non-Indo-European neighbors, before they were immortalized by the Linnean binominal nomenclature.
