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Withanolide A The withanolides serve as important hormone precursors that can convert into human physiologic hormones as needed. Ashwagandha is thought to be amphoteric; i.e., it can help regulate important physiologic processes.
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Withania somnifera is a medicinal plant extends over a large area, from the Atlantic ocean to South East Asia and from the Mediterranean region to
South Africa. The medicinal plants are widely used by the traditional medical practitioners for curing various diseases in their day to day practice. In
traditional systems of medicine, different parts...
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Ayurveda is successfully implemented as a primary healthcare system in India, and it is flourishing in the promotion of health around the world. Ayurveda aims to create a society happily, healthy, and peaceful. In general, the simple regimes mentioned in Ayurveda texts are of immense use faced by the present world today regarding health pro- motion...
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... The Ashwagandha plant was consisted of distinct partsroot, stem, leaves, flowers and fruit-each containing important medicinal properties. Ashwagandha also contained two active compounds (withanolides and withaferin A), which they were contributed to its medicinal properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-stress and endocrine-protective effects (Verma and Kumar, 2011). Ashwagandha had a high therapeutic and nutraceutical potential due to its pharmacologically active steroidal lactones called withanolides. ...
... December 2024 | Volume 12 | Issue 12 | Page 2561 increased colloid deposition within follicular lumens compared with the alterations seen in the PTU-treated animals. This result might be attributed to Withania somnifera contained two active compounds (withanolides and withaferin A), which they were contributed to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and endocrine-protective effects (Verma and kumar , 2011). Our findings agreed with results recorded by Abdel-Wahhab et al. (2019), who is discovered the role of Withania somnifera in enhancement thyroid follicles of a hypothyroid group. ...
... I t h a s a h i g h r e p u t a t i o n a m o n g d i f f e r e n t phytotherapeutics due to its multiple pharmacological p r o p e r t i e s s u c h a s i m m u n o m o d u l a t o r y , neuroprotective, cardioprotective, bone healing, anticancer, anti-ageing, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic (Dar et al., 2015;Kaur et al., 2017). More than 12 types of alkaloids and 35 different with anolides have been recorded from this plant (Verma and Kumar, 2011). The production of dried plant material of W. somnifera for with anolides is estimated to be about 5905 tonnes per year against the annual requirement of 9127 tonnes (Rangaraju et al., 2018). ...
The present investigation was carried out to see effects of Plant Growth Regulators, antioxidants, HgCl2 and photoperiod on various characters of shoot proliferation viz., period of initiation of shoots, response (%), number of shoots/explant, number of nodes/explant and shoot length (cm) with objectives to optimize conditions of proliferation from nodal explants. Callus induction and indirect regeneration was also studied. MS basal media supplemented with combination of cytokinin and auxin were added viz., (1.0 mg/l BAP + 1.0 mg/l NAA, 1.0 mg/l BAP + 2.0 mg/l NAA, 2 .0 mg/l BAP + 1.0 mg/l NAA and 1 .0 mg/l Kinetin + 1.0 mg/l IAA, 1.0 mg/l Kinetin + 2.0 mg/l IAA, 2 .0 mg/l Kinetin + 1.0 mg/l IAA). Maximum shoots were induced with 2.0 mg/l BAP + 1.0 mg/l NAA, showed highest (85.33%) response of shooting. All the treatment combinations of BAP and NAA were found most responsive as compared to Kinetin and IAA. When activated charcoal (100-300 mg/l) and ascorbic acid (50-150 mg/l) were added in medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP + 1.0 mg/l NAA. 200 mg/l of activated charcoal and 100 mg/l of ascorbic acid showed highest (80.00% and 80.40%) response of shoot induction. In photoperiod treatment, maximum shoot induction (2.57) was observed in 16:8 hours with (100%) response with minimum days shooting and maximum number of shoot regeneration (3.71) from callus with highest morphogenesis response. Maximum contamination control (89.14%) along with maximum shoot induction (3.86) was observed when explant was sterilized with 0.1% HgCl2 for 3 minutes.
... 2,10-12 These lesions could induce an increase of oxidation enzymes such as ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) as well as increase levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). In contrast, these effects could be large variety of health-promoting effects, [19][20][21] and a large number of phytochemicals which included steroidal alkaloids, steroidal lactones, phenolic compounds and f lavonoids. 15,18,22 As known, phytochemicals contain the biggest group of polyphenols that were identified to be strong antioxidants and they can reduce oxidative stress through neutralization and scavenging the free radicals. ...
Several studies showed the adverse effects of amoxicillin on various body organs. So, this research has been designed to evaluate the modulatory role of Ashwagandha seed extract (ASE) against amoxicillin (AM) toxicity. Rats treated with AM (90 mg/kg), protected by ASE doses (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg), and treated by ASE at the same three doses. At the end of the experimental period, DNA comet assay, cytogenetic examinations, sperm-shape analysis, evaluation of the malondialdehyde (MDA) percentages, histopathological examinations, and biophysical tests (modulus, relaxation time, permittivity, entropy, and internal energy change of brain) were documented. The results confirmed that AM treatment induced significant elevation of DNA damage, cytogenetic aberrations, and MDA content in brain, liver, and testis tissues and sperm-shape anomalies. ASE treatment significantly minimized the genetic changes, sperm-shape anomalies, and MDA generation. These enhancements were more pronounced by protective ASE and increased by increasing the dose level. In histopathological examinations, AM treatment caused neurotoxicity in brain tissue. ASE treatment, partially, minimized these damages and the positive effects of therapeutic ASE were more noticeable. Biophysical parameters showed that therapeutic ASE was better for relaxation time, permittivity, and free energy change. Protective and therapeutic ASE were able to recover entropy and internal energy changes in variant degrees.
... This name is given to the drug due to its root's odor which is similar to a sweaty horse. The species name 'somnifera' is from Latin which means 'sleepinducing' and it is due to its property of causing sedation (Verma and Kumar, 2011). Its properties are similar to Chinese drug 'ginseng' which is also used to promote physical and mental health (Lopresti et al., 2019). ...
... At the end of the study, it was revealed that the Ashwagandha treated group showed anxiolytic potential which was far superior to the placebo-treated group. The authors concluded that Ashwagandha tends to reduce anxiety and needs further investigation (Andrade et al., 2000;Verma and Kumar, 2011). A scholastic study carried out in India showed that Withania somnifera extract (125mg QD, 125mg BID, or 250mg BID) or placebo groups showed anxiolytic activity. ...
Ashwagandha is a well-known traditional medicine and is a part of many formulations in the Ayurveda medicine system. Besides its many medicinal and nutritional uses, the drug has been prescribed to treat stress and depression. The objective of the study is to comprehensively review the use of Ashwagandha in stress, depression, and sports. Due to the presence of multiple nutrients, it has been employed by sportsmen for stamina and strength. The literature was searched by electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The published data from 1987 till date was included. Based on needs, traditional reports were also reported beside scientific literature. This review included many scientific studies focusing on the use of Ashwagandha in stress, depression, and sports. It was found in the studies that Ashwagandha has proved its logical use in conditions related to stress, anxiety, depression, stamina, and fatigue. In many cases, Ashwagandha was equipo-tent to the conventional anxiolytic agents. The most important compounds isolated from Ashwagandha for use in stress and depression were withanolides. In sports-related activities, it was found that Ashwagandha increases the oxygen consumption. It is well established from the scientific literature that Ashwagandha has potent regenerative tonic properties, it has anti-stress, and anxiolytic properties. It increases the stamina of sportsmen and improves their physical performance. Thus, the mentioned results clearly showed that the traditional use of Ashwagandha has a logical and scientific basis.
... Generally, it has regenerative and stimulating qualities and thus is used for treatment of skin problems, nervous exhaustion, insomnia, memory related conditions, potency issues, fatigue and coughing. It enhances memory capacity and learning ability 15 . ...
Medicinal herbs have been used since the time of the Vedas. The plants have therapeutic qualities in every part. Secondary metabolites of extensive variety are present in medicinal plants and are utilised in the production of medications as well as in the treatment of many different ailments. Withania somnifera is a medicinal plant, have various properties. 'Ashwagandha' is the popular name of Withania somnifera. It is offered as churna, a finely sieved powder that can be combined with ghee, water or honey. It has memory-enhancing, anti-oxidant, anti-stress, anti-venom, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. It is employed to treat a variety of clinical problems. In addition to being used as a suppressant in HIV/AIDS patients, Withania somnifera is used to treat ulcers, emaciation, colds, coughs, diabetes, conjunctivitis, insomnia, senile dementia, epilepsy, leprosy, Parkinson's disease, nervous disorders, rheumatism, arthritis, intestinal infections, bronchitis and asthma. The review article concentrates on the Withania somnifera plant's different pharmacological qualities. Keywords: Withania somnifera, Ayurveda, Anti-oxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tumour
... The use of natural therapies has been on the rise internationally [18]. The safety of medicinal plants is one of the key benefits promoted for their therapeutic use in treating a variety of illnesses, in addition to their affordability, potency, and accessibility [19,20]. The medicinal herb Withania somnifera, often known as ashwagandha, or Indian ginseng, is a member of the Solanaceae family [21]. ...
... The medicinal herb Withania somnifera, often known as ashwagandha, or Indian ginseng, is a member of the Solanaceae family [21]. It has broad energizing and regenerating properties and is used, among other agents, to treat nervous weariness, memory-related disorders, insomnia, tiredness-related problems with potency, skin problems, and coughing [20][21][22]. Ashwagandha extracts exhibit anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and antioxidant effects [22,23]. Alkaloids, glycowithanolides, steroidal lactones (withanolides), flavanol glycosides, sterols, and phenolics are among the more than 200 primary and secondary metabolites found in plant extracts from diverse sections [24]. ...
An effective atypical antipsychotic medication for treating psychosis is cloza-pine, especially for patients who have failed to respond to other treatments. However, clozapine-induced cardiotoxicity has generated safety concerns as it may result in sudden mortality. In addition, there is relatively little information on the safety of clozapine during pregnancy. According to several earlier studies, Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) extract has a cardioprotective effect. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of ashwagandha root extract on clozapine-induced cardiotoxicity in rat fetuses. Pregnant rats were administered clozapine (40 mg/kg bw) and/or ashwa-gandha extract (300 mg/kg bw.) from the sixth to fifteenth day of gestation. Clozapine-induced oxidative stress in developing hearts by decreasing super-oxide dismutase and catalase activities and increasing the concentration of cardiac malondialdehyde. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells and a decrease in the proliferative capacity of cardiomyocytes. Evidently, clozapine triggered severe pathological changes in fetal cardiac tissue. In conclusion, ashwagandha root extract can be used to improve the heart oxidative stress, apoptotic and proliferation rates and histo-pathological changes induced by clozapine in rat fetuses during gestation. ARTICLE HISTORY
... The physicochemical characteristics and TLC of ashwagandha churnam were also investigated. Verma and Kumar [68] studied the applications of various parts of ashwagandha (leaves, stem, flower, root, seeds, bark, and even the whole plant) for the treatment of aphrodisiac, liver tonic, anti-inflammatory agent, astringent, and more recently for the treatment of bronchitis, asthma, ulcers, emaciation, insomnia, and senile de- ...
Drying is one of the most widely used methods of food preservation but has higher energy requirements. The global energy crisis has created a need for alternatives to electric drying technologies. This paper presents an overview of various available technologies developed and tested for the drying of ashwagandha (Withania som-nifera) and liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). The scope of the available drying technologies for ashwagandha and liquorice has been presented. The possibilities of using solar based drying technologies for ashwagandha and liquorice have been discussed. A huge gap has been observed in the literature for the solar drying technologies for ashwagandha and liquorice.
... Withanolides are the more commonly studied constituents [19]. Te biologically active metabolites of the herb are primarily the withanolides: a steroidal lactone that has been proven to be the efector against some of the stress-induced and other diseases in humans [20]. Tese withanolides have even more recently been studied in the context of COVID-19 treatment with promising preliminary antiviral outcomes [21]. ...
... A total of 35 withanolides have been extracted from the roots and leaves of the ashwagandha plant to show biological activity. Tese include withaferin A, withanolide A, withanolide B, and withanolide D and are not limited to withanoside V [2,20,22]. A study by Patil et al. [23] shows that the oral bioavailability of withaferin A is almost 1.5 times greater than withanolide A, demonstrating that even defning the fnal proportions of the withanolides cannot completely predict efcacy in a systemic context based even on the diferential bioavailability. ...
Background:
Ashwagandha extracts play a significant role in traditional Indian medicine to help treat a wide range of disorders from amnesia, erectile dysfunction, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, stress, anxiety, and many more. Ashwagandha root is enriched with bioactive plant metabolites of which withanolides are the most important ones. The concentration and constitution of withanolides primarily determine ashwagandha's potency and pharmacology. Various factors modulate the withanolide constitution in the plant-derived extracts, rendering inconsistent therapeutic efficacy. Standardisation of the extraction protocol and a better understanding of the pharmacology mechanism of different extracts with varied withanolide constitutions is therefore critical for developing reliable, repeatable, and effective ashwagandha-based treatment.
Objectives:
Here, we work toward defining indication mechanisms for two varieties of ashwagandha extract-ASHWITH (ASH-Ext1) and Regenolide (ASH-Ext2)-with different proprietary withanolide proportions.
Methods:
ASH-Ext1 was studied for antioxidant signaling modulation using HEK293, HeLa, and A549 cells, and ASH-Ext2 was studied for subcellular drug targets associated with the reactivation and longevity of human hair follicles, using primary human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs).
Results:
Study findings support the antioxidant activity and Nrf2 signaling modulation by ASH-Ext1 in various cell models. Of note, ASH-Ext2 was found to increase β-catenin and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) protein expression levels in HFDPCs.
Conclusion:
The results of drug target modulation show us that the withanolide constitution associated with different extraction protocols influences the pharmacological potential of the extract significantly and points to the value of standardisation not only of total withanolide content but also of internal withanolide proportions.
... ash's root contains many active ingredients with potential antioxidant effects as well as beneficial effects in many neurological ailments including cognitive impairment [14,15]. it is commonly used in many eastern cultures, specifically in india and china, as a nootropic agent, i.e. a cognition-enhancing agent [16,17]. this study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-amnesic activity of ash in rats with chronic MsG-induced neurotoxicity and to assess whether neurotoxicity due to chronic MsG use as well as treatment with ash involve modulation of glutamatergic NMDaR in the hippocampus. ...
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used in food-additives, and the Food and Drug Administration has placed it under intense scrutiny following several reports that it causes glutamate neurotoxicity. Ashwagandha (ASH) roots are traditionally used for memory enhancement. This study aimed to evaluate the nootropic activity of ASH as well as its therapeutic anti-amnesic activity against MSG-induced hippocampal-dependent spatial memory impairment and hippocampal-NMDAR modulation. A total of 36 rats were divided equally into six groups (n = 6 in each group); the rats in the normal and negative groups were administered daily doses of normal saline and MSG (300mg/kg), respectively, for 21 days. Two nootropic groups were administered ASH at 300 and 500 mg/kg o.p., respectively, for 21 days. Two other treatment groups were administered daily doses of MSG 300mg/kg o.p. as well as 300mg/kg and 500mg/kg o.p. of ASH for 21 days. The rats' spatial memory was assessed for five days using the MWM. Additionally, NMDAR were measured quantitatively by immunohistochemistry. We found that the rats in the nootropic groups showed significantly enhanced nootropic activity characterized by improved hippocampal-dependent spatial memory, as well as increases in the level of NMDAR in the Cornu Ammonis 1 region of their hippocampus. Moreover, we elucidated the therapeutic potential of ASH to protect against the depression of spatial memory caused by MSG-induced neurotoxicity. Further, we elucidated a strong correlation between NMDAR-positive cells in the hippocampus and enhancement of spatial learning induced by long-term administration of ASH as well as a strong correlation between NMDAR positive cells in the hippocampus and depression of spatial learning induced by long-term administration of ASH and MSG.
... Ashwagandha is a medicinal herb used in the ayurvedic medicine system of India since ancient times. withanolides and Withaferin A are the two active constituents of ashwagandha which governs the major medicinal properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-stress, and endocrine protective (Verma and Kumar, 2011). The overdose of antioxidants could lead to toxicity and the LD50 value for ashwagandha is about 1260 mg/kg body weight (Sharada et al., 1993). ...
:The present study is designed to investigate the protective efficacy of ashwagandha and quercetin against altered THRβ-1 expression, structural damages, and induced oxidative stress in the thyroid gland of hypothyroidism-modeled mice. Mice were orally exposed to cypermethrin for 28 days. The body weight of mice was recorded during the experiment at seven days intervals and the thyroid gland weight was recorded at the end of the experiment after sacrifices. The homogenate of thyroid tissue was prepared for biochemical examinations such as LPO, H SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, GR, and tissues were fixed in Bouin’s fluid for histopathological evaluations by double staining and eosin) and immunohistochemistry (THRβ-1) methods. Cypermethrin-induced hypothyroidism showed increased body weight and decreased thyroid gland weight. The MDA concentration and activity of H2O2 and NO increased and the activity of CAT, SOD, GSH, GST, and GR decreased in hypothyroidism. The histopathological examinations showed decreased numbers and size of thyroid follicles in hypothyroidism mice. The immunohistochemistry showed decreased THRβ-1 expression in thyrocytes of cypermethrin-induced hypothyroidism mice. The co-administration of ashwagandha and quercetin showed amelioration efficacy in biochemical changes and histopathological deformities in hypothyroidism mice. The present study concluded that hypothyroidism caused oxidative stress and histopathological changes in the thyroid gland and the use of ashwagandha and quercetin as an antioxidant showed prevention against the damage caused by hypothyroidism.
