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You can find my thesis on http://hdl.handle.net/11612/977.
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... Literature reviews and socio-economic features of the study area helped to identify the components of five types of services for consideration as follows: (1) financial services, including in-kind credit, cash loans, insurance and dividends; (2) input provision, including fertilizer, improved seeds, herbicides, pesticides, farm tools, implements, dairy and beekeeping equipment, grass and animal feed services; (3) information and training services, including training, technical advice, production and market information provision; (4) marketing services, including marketing, payment and collaboration services; and (5) social services, including consumable goods, community services, employment and external relations services (Table 2). Credit 1 if the cooperative finances the purchase of production inputs, and 0 if not Myers, 2004;Brehanu and Fufa, 2008;Pollet, 2009;Xu et al., 2013;Ma and Abdulai, 2017 Loan Hellin, Lundy, and Meijer, 2009 ;Ferguson, 2012;Abebaw and Haile, 2013;Holmgren, 2012;ICA, 2015;Souza, 2019;Tamirat, 2015;Xu et al., 2013 Improved seed 1 if the cooperative provides improved seed to the members, and 0 if not Consumable goods 1 if the cooperative provides basic consumable goods including sugar, coffee food and oil, and 0 if not Bernard et al., 2008a;Bernard et al., 2010;Holmgren, 2012;Pollet, 2009;Tamirat, 2015;Wanyama et al., 2009 Community services 1 if the cooperative provides community-oriented services to the society such as house maintenance for elderly people, tree planting, soil bund and stone terrace, public infrastructure such as road and school maintenance, and We developed a simple index by scoring each cooperative in the dataset with a 1 for each service it provides or applies. Next, a portfolio index was calculated by service type for each cooperative reflecting its diversity, as follows: ...
The wide array of services provided by agricultural cooperatives for their members is often not considered in academic studies. Addressing this gap in the literature, our paper explores the wide array of services provided by agricultural cooperatives and how these extend beyond those they were initially intended to provide. We study the extent and characteristics of service portfolios from 511 agricultural cooperatives in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. Results from two‐limit Tobit models confirm that government and NGO‐initiated cooperatives have a wide service portfolio compared to member‐initiated cooperatives. In many of the studied cooperatives, the services they provide and their portfolios are more diverse than expected. Cooperatives seem to go beyond their focal areas of intervention. Also, those cooperatives that are more outward‐oriented and where the chair has contact with other cooperatives or businesses, have a wider service portfolio. These results may help to explain the mixed findings on the impact of cooperative membership.
Many political systems with direct democracy mechanisms have adopted rules preventing decisions from being made by simple majority rule. The device most commonly added to majority rule in national is a quorum requirement. The two most common are the participation and the approval quora. Such rules are a response to three major concerns: the legitimacy of the referendum outcome, its representativeness (the concern with the outcome representing the will of the whole electorate), and protection of minorities regarding issues that should demand a broad consensus. Guided by a pivotal voter model, we conduct a laboratory experiment to investigate the performance of different quora in reaching such goals. We introduce two main innovations in relation to previous work on the topic. First, part of the electorate goes to the polls out of a sense of civic duty. Second, we test the performance of a different quorum, the rejection quorum, recently proposed in the literature. We conclude that, depending on the preferred criterion, either the approval or the rejection quorum is to be preferred.
This chapter reviews the literature on political budget cycles (PBCs), focusing on studies that analyze the conditionality of opportunistic effects. First, factors that affect incentives of politicians to embark on pre-electoral policy manipulations are highlighted, and then factors that influence the capability of those manipulations to generate additional votes are discused. Finally, the effects of personal characteristics of leaders on PBCs are explored. To complement the review, an empirical investigation of electoral effects on central governments’ deficit, expenditure and revenue series, under various political arrangements, is implemented on a large panel covering 78 countries and 42 years of data (1975 to 2016). Empirical results confirm that PBCs are more likely to occur under certain politico-institutional circumstances, including predetermined elections, disputed elections, majoritarian electoral rules, larger private benefits from holding office, weak constraints on executives, a high proportion of uninformed voters, and new democracies.
