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This book covers the design, evaluation and development process for interactive human computer interfaces including user interface design principles, task analysis, interface design methods, auditory interfaces, haptics, user interface evaluation, usability testing prototyping, issues in interface construction, interface evaluation, World Wide Web...
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... The term "interaction mode" is usually used intuitively. Similar terms are interaction paradigms or interaction style (Shneiderman 1995), interaction principles (Valverde 2011), interaction guidelines or interaction techniques. We consider the different paradigms of HCI as referring to more general and basic differences such as using the computer as a tool vs. a partner vs. a medium. ...
There is an ongoing discussion about human-centered AI (HCAI) that emphasizes the value of including humans in the loop. We focus on types of HCAI in the context of machine learning that synergistically combine the complementary strengths of humans and AI and seek to develop competencies and capabilities of both parts. The development of human competencies is a largely neglected aspect compared to criteria such as fairness, trust, or accountability. Based on early discussions about the role of humans in the use of expert systems, the current HCAI discourse, and a literature review, we identify 10 modes of interaction that represent a way of interacting with AI that has the potential to support the development of human competencies relevant to the domain itself, but also to its context and to the use of technologies.KeywordsHuman-centered AIInteraction modesSocio-technical design
... If too much information is distributed, attention will be disturbed while the cognitive burden will increase. Therefore, when designing the AR-HUD humancomputer interaction interface, the layout of the interface and amout of information should be reasonable (Valverde, 2011). Generally, the visual information of the automobile HMI interface can be divided into two parts: context information and status information. ...
... The Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) field requires that researchers and practitioners understand the psychological, organizational, and social factors of the combined human and computer systems to build competitive software interfaces and evaluate their effects (Valverde, 2011). By performing empirical methods, software practitioners can assess their software interfaces and the techniques used to develop these interfaces. ...
Context: Empirical studies (ES) and systematic reviews (SR) play an essential role in the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) field as its focus is on evaluating the end-user and usability of software solutions and synthesizing the evidence found by the HCI community. Even though the adoption of empirical evaluation techniques and SR has gained popularity in recent years, the consistent use of a methodology is still maturing. Goal: This study aims to provide a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the current status of ES and SR presented in the research papers published at the proceedings of the Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems (IHC Symposium). Method: We conduct an empirical study on the papers over the 18 editions in the IHC Symposium to answer four research questions. Our study proposes a protocol to identify and assess ES and SR reported in the papers published at the IHC Symposium. Results: From the sample of 259 studies, we find 131 ES and SR (~51%). We have characterized and categorized the ES into case studies, experiments, and surveys. Further, we found evidence that these studies' quantity and quality have been increased over the IHC Symposium editions, and almost half of these studies give detailed information making possible their replication. Conclusion: We hope that each study's characterization can support the conduction of new ES and SR by the HCI Brazilian community, producing more reliable results and reducing or eliminating biases.
... These technologies are able to capture analog electrical signals from the body and translate those signals into meaningful information through complex algorithmic software that a technician can then decipher. Biofeedback is also used by computer scientists in order to build human computer interactions (Valverde, 2011). ...
... It's well known as the basis for the polygraph, or lie detector. The theory behind is that a user sweats more when stressed, and that telling a lie is stressful (Valverde 2011). The brain and muscles generate small electrical signals that can be picked up by electrodes strapped to the body (Valverde 2011). ...
... The theory behind is that a user sweats more when stressed, and that telling a lie is stressful (Valverde 2011). The brain and muscles generate small electrical signals that can be picked up by electrodes strapped to the body (Valverde 2011). Neuro biofeedback is based on electroencephalographic (EEG) measurements taken from the frontal cortex of the brain. ...
NeuroIS uses tools such as electroencephalogram (EEG) that can be used to measure high brainwave frequencies that can be linked to human anxiety. Past research showed that computer anxiety influences how users perceive ease of use of a learning management system (LMS). Although computer anxiety has been used successfully to evaluate the usability of LMS, the main data collection mechanisms proposed for its evaluation have been questionnaires. Questionnaires suffer from possible problems such as being inadequate to understand some forms of information such as emotions and honesty in the responses. Quantum-based approaches to consciousness have been very popular in the last years including the quantum model reduction in microtubules of Penrose and Hameroff (1995). The objective of the chapter is to propose an architecture based on a NeuroIS that collects data by using EEG from users and then use the collected data to perform analytics by using a quantum consciousness model proposed for computer anxiety measurements for the usability testing of a LMS.
... This is necessary for increased acceptability and usability by prospective users. There have been series of User Interface Design Principles that have been proposed both in the Industry and Academia such as Schneiderman's 'Eight Golden Rules of Dialog Design', Mayhew's 'General Principles of User Interface Design', 'IBM's Design Principles for Tomorrow' amongst others but what most of them have in common is simplicity, consistency and Context as also supported by Valverde (2011). ...
Persuasive techniques are recently being explored by computer science researchers as an effective strategy towards creating applications that are aimed at positive attitudinal changes especially in the health domain but finding effective evaluation approaches for these technologies remain an herculean task for all stakeholders involved and in order to overcome this limitation, the Persuasive System Design (PSD) model was designed but researchers claim that the model is too theoretical in nature and some of its design principles are too subjective as they cannot be measured quantitatively.
Hence, the focus of this paper is to critically review the PSD model and popular models currently being used to evaluate the usability of information systems as usability has been identified as an important requirement currently used to evaluate the overall success of persuasive technologies.
To achieve the stated objectives, the systematic review method of research was done to objectively analyze the PSD model, its applicability as an evaluation tool was tested on a popular mobile health application installed on the Samsung Galaxy Tablet using android Operation system. Exhaustive evaluation of the application was performed by 5 software usability researchers using the method of cognitive walkthrough.
From the analysis, it was realized that the PSD model is a great tool at designing persuasive technologies but as an evaluation tool, it is too theoretical in nature, its evaluation strategies are too subjective in nature and the 28 principles described in it overlap with one another. As a result, the PSD model was extended with an integrated usability model and the fuzzy Analytic Hierarchical Technique was proposed theoretically to evaluate usability constructs so as to make evaluation of persuasive technologies more quantitative in nature and easier for researchers to analyze their design early enough to minimize developmental efforts and other resources.
... For example, transparency in the HCI sense can refer to a quality of an interface known as observability (Preece, Sharp, & Rogers, 2015). Observability refers to what a user can infer about the current state of the system, typically through some form of display or user interface (Valverde, 2014). Unfortunately, however, this definition does little to aid in the comprehension of transparency in interaction design, because the term can be used to mean both to hide or to make something invisible to the user, and also to reveal and make something apparent. ...
The rapid infusion of artificial intelligence into everyday technologies means that consumers are likely to interact with intelligent systems that provide suggestions and recommendations on a daily basis in the very near future. While these technologies promise much, current issues in low transparency create high potential to confuse end-users, limiting the market viability of these technologies.
While efforts are underway to make machine learning models more transparent, HCI currently lacks an understanding of how these model-generated explanations should best translate into the practicalities of system design. To address this gap, my research took a pragmatic approach to improving system transparency for end-users.
Through a series of three studies, I investigated the need and value of transparency to end-users, and explored methods to improve system designs to accomplish greater transparency in intelligent systems offering recommendations.
My research resulted in a summarized taxonomy that outlines a variety of motivations for why users ask questions of intelligent systems; useful for considering the type and category of information users might appreciate when interacting with AI-based recommendations. I also developed a categorization of explanation types, known as explanation vectors, that is organized into groups that correspond to user knowledge goals. Explanation vectors provide system designers options for delivering explanations of system processes beyond those of basic explainability. I developed a detailed user typology, which is a four-factor categorization of the predominant attitudes and opinion schemes of everyday users interacting with AI-based recommendations; useful to understand the range of user sentiment towards AI-based recommender features, and possibly useful for tailoring interface design by user type. Lastly, I developed and tested an evaluation method known as the System Transparency Evaluation Method (STEv), which allows for real-world systems and prototypes to be evaluated and improved through a low-cost query method.
Results from this dissertation offer concrete direction to interaction designers as to how these results might manifest in the design of interfaces that are more transparent to end users. These studies provide a framework and methodology that is complementary to existing HCI evaluation methods, and lay the groundwork upon which other research into improving system transparency might build.
... In Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) field, specialists need to understand psychological, organizational, and social factors of the combined human and computer system in order to build competitive software interfaces and evaluate their effects [24]. Hence, the usage of empirical methods based on systematic observations and experiments are a necessity in this field [2]. ...
Context: Empirical evaluations have been widely applied as a formalism to validate and ensure the credibility of research works. In the context of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) field, the usage of empirical methods plays a vital role due to its focus on evaluating the end-user and usability of software solutions. Even though the adoption of experimental evaluation techniques has gained popularity in recent years, its application is still questioned both qualitatively and quantitatively. Goal: To analyze how empirical research has evolved in the Human-Computer Interaction Brazilian community. Method: We performed a quasi-experiment, using published papers over the 17 editions in Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Our experiment was divided into two phases, in order to evaluate the quality assessment and classify the type of realized empirical study, respectively. Results: From the sample of 231 studies, 113 reached satisfactory quality in the first phase. It was found that empirical studies were becoming more present in lastly years of the conference. Moreover, in the second phase, it was found with 95% confidence that the quality of the empirical studies increased, by comparing two different divisions of the 20-year conference period. Findings: The assessment questionnaire used in our research and the learned lessons about each kind of empirical study can support the conduction of new empirical evaluations in the HCI community, improving their quality.
... These technologies are able to capture analog electrical signals from the body and translate those signals into meaningful information through complex algorithmic software that a technician can then decipher. Biofeedback is also used by computer scientists in order to build human computer interactions (Valverde, 2011). ...
... It's well known as the basis for the polygraph, or lie detector. The theory behind is that a user sweats more when stressed, and that telling a lie is stressful (Valverde 2011). ...
... The brain and muscles generate small electrical signals that can be picked up by electrodes strapped to the body (Valverde 2011). Neuro biofeedback is based on electroencephalographic (EEG) measurements taken from the frontal cortex of the brain. ...
NeuroIS uses tools such as electroencephalogram (EEG) that can be used to measure high brainwave frequencies that can be linked to human anxiety. Past research showed that computer anxiety influences how users perceive ease of use of a learning management system (LMS). Although computer anxiety has been used
successfully to evaluate the usability of LMS, the main data collection mechanisms proposed for its evaluation have been questionnaires. Questionnaires suffer from possible problems such as being inadequate to understand some forms of information such as emotions and honesty in the responses. Quantum-based approaches to consciousness have been very popular in the last years including the quantum model reduction in microtubules of Penrose and Hameroff (1995). The objective of the chapter is to propose an architecture based on a NeuroIS that collects data by using EEG from users and then use the collected data to perform analytics by using
a quantum consciousness model proposed for computer anxiety measurements for the usability testing of a LMS.
... The proposed helmet's magnetic signals reach deep inside the brain because there is nothing in or around the brain capable obstructing them (Persinger, 1997). The proposed architecture of the cybertherapy is depicted in figure 4. The therapist computer has installed 3D activity map software and Skype that provide a human computer interaction for the interface between the therapist and the system (Valverde 2011). Skype is a telecommunications software that allows verbal and text communications with the patient, the 3D activity map software allows the therapist to visualize the states of consciousness of the patient by detecting the frequency band with the highest level of activity. ...
Transpersonal psychology is the study of human nature and rests on the assumption that human beings possess potentials that exceed the limits of their ego and integrate the spiritual experience within a broader understanding of the human psyche and consciousness. Altered states of consciousness have been used to aid psychotherapy by transpersonalists for decades. A cyberpsychotherapy system is proposed to support transpersonal psychotherapy. The system can be used to induce a non-ordinary state of consciousness that can be used by transpersonal psychologists as a healing tool to treat patients with psychological problems such as psychosis. With the help of internet technology, these treatment sessions can occur over great distances. The cyberpsychotherapy system uses a quantum signal generator for the induction of altered states of consciousness, based on the so-called Koren Helmet of Persinger's (1983). The cyberpsychotherapy has integrated EEG which serves as a biofeedback device in order to assess if the patient has reached the desired level of consciousness. Additionally, this EEG measurement can be used to inform the adjustment of the signal generator frequency to improve the psychotherapy experience of the patient, if necessary. A sample of 10 patients was used to test the cybertherapy system based on neurotechnology and quantum biofeedback. Data was collected and analysed to confirm the system's efficacy. Although the results show that the patients were not able to reach the desired level of consciousness for the psychotherapy, there was statistically significant evidence that the proposed system can alter an individual's level of consciousness, which may help inform future designs intended to induce a state of consciousness most conducive to psychotherapy.
... Biofeedback is currently used by doctors, nurses, psychologists, counselors, physical therapists, occupational therapists and other professionals. Biofeedback is also used by computer scientists in order to build human computer interactions (Valverde, 2011). ...
Transpersonal psycho therapy is based on transpersonal psychology and considers that the psyche is multidimensional and that there are several “levels of consciousness” and each has different characteristics and is governed by different laws. Transpersonal psychology is the study of human nature and proceeds on the assumption that human beings possess potentials that exceed the limits of their ego and integrate the spiritual experience within a broader understanding of the human psyche and consciousness. Altered states of consciousness have been used as psychotherapy in transpersonal psychology for decades. Although there are very well known techniques to induce altered state of consciousness as holotropic breathwork, neurotechnology offers an alternative way not only to induce these states for transpersonal therapy but also to measure the level of a state of consciousness. The objective of this article is to provide a review of the main concepts of neurotechnology and the main technologies that can be used to induce and measure altered state of consciousness for transpersonal psychotherapy.
