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Wind rose showing the predominant wind direction in Havana City during the period of study (October 2007-September 2008).
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Building structures constitute obstacles for the entrance and distribution of marine aerosol in the atmosphere of Havana City (tropical coastal climate). Due to the shielding effect caused by building structures, a considerable decrease in chloride deposition is determined at a short distance from the sea. Heavier and larger-sized chloride aerosol...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... humidity (RH), air temperature (T) and wind speed (WS) data were obtained from the main meteorological station of the Meteorological Center of Havana, selected as outdoor exposure site number 4 in the present research (Fig. 2). Monthly average values of RH, T and WS for the year of period of interest (October 2007 to September 2008) were plotted. Annual average values of RH, T and WS reported for the period 1990-2016 were taken into account. A multivariate regression (Cl -DR = a ± bRH ± cT ± dWS) to show the influence of monthly average values of RH, T and WS over Cl -DR in each outdoor exposure site was fitted. The monthly average value of Cl -DR for each outdoor exposure site located at different distances from the sea with respect to monthly average values of wind speed was plotted. An exponential increasing function (Cl -DR = ae bws ) to obtain the monthly average values of WS from which Cl -DR increased was also fitted. The processed wind speed data corresponded to the east-northeast direction, that is, to wind speed coming from the sea. Speed data for wind coming from the south and east-southeast directions were not taken into account. Figure 4 shows a wind rose for the year of ...
Context 2
... processed monthly average wind speed data correspond to the east and northeast directions, that is, wind speed coming from the sea during the year of study (Fig. 4). Wind speed monthly average val- ues of about 3 m s -1 show a trend toward increased monthly average values of Cl -DR data (Fig. 9a, b). These results are in agreement with other reports from sites without shielding conditions in the Australian coasts (Cole, 2003a), the Mediterranean coasts of Tarragona, Spain (Morcillo, 2000), and the city of Joao Pessoa in the east coast of Brazil (Meira, ...
Context 3
... data for wind coming from the south and east-southeast directions were not taken into account. Figure 4 shows a wind rose for the year of study. ...
Context 4
... processed monthly average wind speed data correspond to the east and northeast directions, that is, wind speed coming from the sea during the year of study (Fig. 4). Wind speed monthly average val- ues of about 3 m s -1 show a trend toward increased monthly average values of Cl -DR data (Fig. 9a, b). These results are in agreement with other reports from sites without shielding conditions in the Australian coasts (Cole, 2003a), the Mediterranean coasts of Tarragona, Spain (Morcillo, 2000), and the ...
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... The deposition process of atmospheric chloride is predominantly influenced by various environmental factors, including air temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall (Bentchakal et al. 2022;Castañeda et al. 2018a). Compared to the production and transportation processes, the impact of the deposition process on the overall atmospheric chloride deposition rate is relatively minor, primarily serving as a correction to the preceding processes. ...
Atmospheric chloride deposition rate is the important factor in atmospheric corrosion. However, current research on the distribution of atmospheric chloride deposition in coastal region of China is limited, hindering accurate quantitative analysis of its corrosion effect. We conducted environment monitoring, deposition rate measurement, and metals exposure experiments in coastal region of Hainan Province, China. By analyzing the holistic process of atmospheric chloride, we proposed a deposition rate estimation model considering production, transportation, and deposition (PTD) processes. The proposed PTD regression model significantly improves estimation accuracy and generalizability, achieving an R ² of 0.88 on the measured dataset. Additionally, based on environmental exposure experiments, we developed a metal corrosion loss assessment model for coastal region, well-validated on the four metals tested, with all R ² values exceeding 0.92. Using these models, we constructed spatial and temporal distribution maps of atmospheric chloride deposition rate and its corrosion effects in coastal region of Hainan Province, China, providing guidance for the corrosion assessment, protection, and maintenance of metal products.
... The annual average RH and T values were 78%, and 25.5°C, respectively. Very similar averages have been obtained in the last five years in the coastal city of Havana [46,47]. Thus, chloride ion salts coming from the sea, transported by marine aerosols, were deposited onto the RC structures as a saline solution and not in the form of dry salt crystals. ...
... The annual average RH and T values were 78%, and 25.5 • C, respectively. Very similar averages have been obtained in the last five years in the coastal city of Havana [46,47]. Thus, chloride ion salts coming from the sea, transported by marine aerosols, were deposited onto the RC structures as a saline solution and not in the form of dry salt crystals. ...
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... Country Models Environment Devices [12] Ecuador [27] Cl − DR = ad − b [28] Cuba ...
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Corrosivity category of the atmosphere in coastal regions is usually very high. Reinforced structures frequently show short service life if adequate measures are not applied. Determination of time-to-corrosion-initiation (t i) and time to corrosion with induced cracking (t cc) to calculate the service life in buildings located in coastal cities is not usually performed. Changes in t i and t cc , depending on the w/c ratio, and concrete covering thickness, were determined in extremely aggressive coastal outdoor exposure site located within 10 m of the shoreline in Havana, one of the most aggressive coastal sites in the world. The electrochemical corrosion rate was determined in the reinforced concrete specimens. It is a very important parameter to follow environmental degradation of concrete. Environmental parameters were determined at the site. Calculated Chloride deposition rate is over the maximum level established in ISO 9223 standard (S3). Effective capillary poros-ity, compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity were determined for all specimens. An acceptable service life was obtained for w/c ratio 0.4. However, effective capillary porosity is an important parameter to determine the concrete quality assessment before building reinforced structures exposed to extreme corrosivity. It is recommended to consider this parameter to predict a service life in very aggressive coastal sites.
... On the other hand, the previous Cuban Standard established that to guarantee a high S l of RC structures exposed to high (C4), very high (C5), and extreme (CX) corrosivity categories of the atmosphere, f ck of concrete with 28 days after curing should be between 25 On the other hand, the UPV determined in the specimens is shown (Table 4). Following also the criteria established in the DURAR net for the concrete quality assessment, the durability and quality are adequate for concrete specimens of w/c ratios of 0.4, and 0.5. ...
... Cl -DR was obtained starting from a WS of 3 m s -2 in the coastal outdoor exposure site, one of the lower WS thresholds worldwide. Also, related to the behavior of Cl -DR versus distance from the sea, it was noticed that more than 90% of the chloride salts were deposited in the coastal outdoor exposure site without shielding conditions, in the winter season [25]. ...
Corrosivity category of the atmosphere in coastal regions is usually very high. Reinforced structures frequently show short service life if adequate measures are not applied. Determination of time-to-corrosion-initiation (ti) and time to corrosion with induced cracking (tcc) to calculate the service life in buildings located in coastal cities is not usually performed. Changes in ti and tcc, depending on the w/c ratio, and concrete covering thickness, were determined in extremely aggressive coastal outdoor exposure site located within 10 m of the shoreline in Havana, one of the most aggressive coastal sites in the world. The electrochemical corrosion rate was determined in the reinforced concrete specimens. It is a very important parameter to follow environmental degradation of concrete. Environmental parameters were determined at the site. Calculated Chloride deposition rate is over the maximum level established in ISO 9223 standard (S3). Effective capillary porosity, compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity were determined for all specimens. An acceptable service life was obtained for w/c ratio 0.4. However, effective capillary porosity is an important parameter to determine the concrete quality assessment before building reinforced structures exposed to extreme corrosivity. It is recommended to consider this parameter to predict a service life in very aggressive coastal sites.
... It is risky to simplify the relationship between pollutant deposition and distance to the sea because the effectiveness of transportation or the existence of alternative sources may be important, as the results of location 5 demonstrated. e effect of blocking conditions on the final deposition result was studied in [41,52,53] but referred to as land cover. e main source of these chloride ions is the ocean [41]. ...
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Atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel AISI-1018 was studied in a coastal zone of tropical climate of Cuba with the presence of technologies aimed at the oil extraction and refining in operation. Two outdoor exposure sites were placed in the study zone. Wooden racks with device for determination of aggressiveness agent’s monthly and averages annual, a sensor for the measurement of relative humidity-temperature complex, as well as fifteen specimens of carbon steel AISI-1018 for determination of corrosion rate monthly and annual, were installed in each exposure site placed at distance from the sea of 70 and 50 m without shielding effect. Corrosivity category of the atmosphere estimated from the typical characterization of the atmospheric environment and from the indirect values of corrosion ratewas similarity to determine from the annual values of corrosion rate determined directly for carbon steel at the two exposure sites in the study zone. Corrosivity categories of the atmosphere determined was high (C4). The atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel is influenced not only by the wet deposition of sulfate ions, but also by the wet deposition of chloride ions at both exposure sites. The relative humidity-temperature complex had a higher influence on the atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel at the exposure site placed at a higher altitude on sea level in the study area. The effect of height on sea level also influenced in a different classification ofthe types of atmosphere between the two exposure sites.
