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In order to analyze the effects of environmental regulation on wind power dissemination quantitatively, the country's inland wind resource potential has been estimated using the Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map and the South Korea Wind Resource Map. The evaluation matrix of wind resource potential is formed by classifying environment...
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In order to analyze the effects of environmental regulation on wind power dissemination quantitatively, the country’s inland wind resource potential has been estimated using the Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map and the South Korea Wind Resource Map. The evaluation matrix of wind resource potential is formed by classifying environment...
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... In this study, the authors compared these two models' conclusions with the conclusions determined by the direct measurements from the sites [19]. Hyun-Goo et al., utilized WRF model to improve a wind map in South Korea [20]. Simoes et al. concluded that data resources from WAsP (microscale working model) and WRF-MM5 (mesoscale working model) are not planned together for urban wind qualification as these working models do not explain the urban wind conditions' impacts and that they frequently tend to over-estimate the wind energy potency in such an environment [21]. ...
Electricity generation from wind energy has the potential to contribute positively to energy production in an economic way as a result of technological developments. Wind farms, where wind energy is converted into electrical energy, are preferred because there is no other expense except for initial costs and maintenance costs and there is no raw material cost. The wind turbine converts the available air flow into electrical energy. Since the plants that generate electricity by wind power do not cover much space and do not emit harmful gas to the atmosphere, they have no negative effect on the atmosphere. Therefore, it also benefits the protection of the ecological balance. Since the parts of the wind farms can be used as recycling during their maintenance, they do not have any waste and have no significant impact on the environment which is harmful to the environment.
In this study, potential of a specific province in terms of wind energy and capability of electrical energy that can be obtained from wind energy potential to meet energy demand in the province has been investigated For this purpose; With the data obtained from the General Directorate of State Meteorology, the wind energy potential was analyzed for this province using the WASP (Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program) simulation program. In the simulation program, hourly wind speeds and wind data obtained from the latitude and longitude of the province through meteorological stations for the province were loaded as input to the program. As a result, wind power that can support electrical energy and turbine systems that can activate this potential have been identified. This study supported renewable energy power generation of a specific location and hence the aim is to create awareness about contributions than can economically provide energy to the whole country.
... Therefore, how to reduce uncertainty in relation to a long-term wind resource using short-term observation data of a year or more is the most important key. In this regard, the Korean Board of Audit and Inspection warned of the low economic feasibilities of the 'Daejeong Offshore Wind Power Project' on Jeju Island even though it is the wind resource-richest province in South Korea [1] and the USD 8-billion, three-stage 'Southwest 2.5 GW Offshore Wind Power Project' led by the Korean government. A number of studies on wind resource assessment have been conducted to promote the 'Southwest Offshore Wind Project' in the west to the Korean Peninsula and in the east to China (region marked with dashed line in Yellow Sea in Figure 1). ...
This study evaluated the applicability of long-term datasets among third-generation reanalysis data CFSR, ERA-Interim, MERRA, and MERRA-2 to determine which dataset is more suitable when performing wind resource assessment for the ‘Southwest 2.5 GW Offshore Wind Power Project’, which is currently underway strategically in South Korea. The evaluation was performed by comparing the reanalyses with offshore, onshore, and island meteorological tower measurements obtained in and around the southwest offshore. In the pre-processing of the measurement data, the shading sectors due to a meteorological tower were excluded from all observation data, and the measurement heights at the offshore meteorological towers were corrected considering the sea level change caused by tidal difference. To reflect the orographic forcing by terrain features, the reanalysis data were transformed by using WindSim, a flow model based on computational fluid dynamics and statistical-dynamic downscaling. The comparison of the reanalyses with the measurement data showed the fitness in the following order in terms of coefficient of determination: MERRA-2 > CFSR = MERRA > ERA-Interim. Since the measurement data at the onshore meteorological towers strongly revealed a local wind system such as sea-land breeze, it is judged to be inappropriate for use as supplementary data for offshore wind resource assessment.
... They are also used to quantify overall regional or national wind energy technical potential (Krewitt and Nitsch 2003;Nguyen 2007), which is the theoretical power that could potentially be generated by a turbine or turbines. National technical potential estimations can vary significantly depending on the accuracy of the wind map they are derived from, assumed turbine hub height, extent of land exclusions, turbine spacing/density, and class of wind or capacity factor deemed acceptable (Kim et al. 2013;Nguyen 2014;Lopez et al. 2012;World Bank 2001). Additionally, to model power output for given wind speed, rather than use a " standard " wind turbine power curve, the convention is to use currently available technology—with recent studies using turbine models with rated power ranging from 300 kW to 3 MW (Ahmed Shata and Hanitsch 2006; Genç, Çelik, and Karasu 2012). ...
... For example, the country with the largest technical potential in Europe is Turkey, with technical potential estimated to be up to 88 GW (Genç, Çelik, and Karasu 2012). South Korea has 96 GW potential (using areas with wind power density over 250W m –2 at 100 m) (Kim et al. 2013), and India has 1.7–3.2 TW (using 2.1 MW turbines at 80 m and 120 m) (WWEA 2014). ...
Rapid development of wind energy has been witnessed in Thailand. However, different wind resource maps (over land) have brought great uncertainty to wind energy planning. Here, four important mesoscale wind maps were considered: DEDP (2001), World Bank (2001), Manomaiphiboon et al. (2010) of JGSEE, and DEDE (2010). The wind maps were first harmonized to a common grid at 100 m and then compared. The earlier wind maps (DEDP and World Bank) are shown to represent the lower and upper limits of predicted speed, respectively, while JGSEE and DEDE tend to be more moderate with predictions statistically closer to observations. A consolidated wind map was constructed based on their median and shown to have the best prediction performance. It was then used for the technical potential analysis, in which three large (2-MW) turbine models (two conventional and one designed for low wind speed) were considered. By GIS techniques, any land areas not feasible for large wind turbines were excluded, and the corresponding overall onshore technical potential ranges between 50 and 250 GW, depending on map and turbine model. Considering only economically feasible turbines (with capacity factor of 20%) and the median-based map, the final technical potential equals 17 GW when using the low-wind-speed model but reduced to 5 GW with the conventional models, adequately meeting the national wind energy target of 3 GW by the year 2036. The results suggest a strong sensitivity of estimated technical potential to turbine technology and a suitability of low-wind-speed turbines for wind conditions in Thailand.
... In South Korea however, slopes with a 20° angle; that is, the standard presented in the draft of the Onshore Wind Energy Guideline issued by MOE, are excluded, as are urban areas, rivers, and streets, including their buffer areas. Other environmental factors such as national parks are also included among the geographical exclusion factors and are thus excluded (Kim et al., 2014). Figure 2(c) shows a map with all the geographical exclusion factors superimposed accordingly. ...
In South Korea, where 64% of the national territory is mountainous, good wind resources in inland areas are mostly situated in high mountain regions. To develop a wind farm in a mountain region, the sloping of mountains and their shielding from wind by the surrounding topology should be considered. It is generally most advantageous to install wind turbines along a ridge that is open in all directions. This article presents a methodology for evaluating suitable sites for wind farm development by identifying suitable ridges using morphometric analysis, while excluding the geographical and social environmental exclusion factors and superposing them on the wind resource map to find the area having a specific level or higher wind power density. The result of the proposed suitable site analysis and existing wind farms was assessed to verify the feasibility of the method of analyzing suitable sites on ridges. The wind resource potential in Gangwon Province when calculated using a method based on conventionally suitable site and the method based on ridge analysis was 9 and 5 GW, respectively. The result confirmed that the conventional area-based potential calculation without consideration of the morphometric terrain characteristics overestimated wind resource potential by around 80% compared to the ridge analysis method of calculation presented in this article.
International grid interconnections have gained attention in Northeast Asia (NEA) as a means to promote variable renewables (VRE), such as wind power and solar PV. This paper quantitatively investigates the benefits of international power transmission for VRE deployment, employing a detailed temporal resolution power system model for NEA. The model determines the optimal hourly dispatch for a single year, which allows us to explicitly consider the power systems characteristics and intermittency of VRE. The simulation results suggest that international transmission may significantly affect VRE deployment in NEA, by promoting Mongolian wind power and replacing higher-cost solar PV and battery storage otherwise installed in a “no grid interconnection” case. However, strong CO2 reduction policies, such as 80% reduction, are necessary for implementation, implying that international transmission of VRE would be an option for long-term deep de-carbonization in NEA; the relevant planning organizations need to consider the feasibility in the context of long-term CO2 reductions strategies.
The Group of Twenty (G20) represents the world's largest economies, accounted for 86 % of global final electricity demand and 87 % of global energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2020. The success of the Paris Agreement will be heavily dependent on successful energy transitions in G20 countries. This is the first comparative study to assess the potential for solar and onshore wind energy generation across the G20 using a comprehensive and consistent approach. A GIS-based spatial analysis was conducted to identify geographical areas with potential for solar and onshore wind energy generation, and assessed the renewable electricity generation potential of individual G20 member states against the modelled electricity demands for 2050. The results confirmed that the G20's renewable energy potential is high enough to supply projected global electricity demand in 2050. A total of 33.6 million km 2 of land within the G20 was identified as solar energy potential areas, which could provide 923,322 TWh/year of electricity. The results also indicated that 31.1 million km 2 of land was suitable for onshore wind energy, with the potential to generate 466,925 TWh/year of electricity. These areas are sufficient to generate over 42 times (solar) or 21 times (onshore wind) global electricity demand in 2020, or 14 (solar) or seven times (onshore wind) the projected global electricity demand in 2050. The results also highlight significantly variance in opportunities and barriers by country. Despite the political challenges, further commitments by G20 leaders are expected to lead to faster energy transitions and greater international cooperation.
Wind is an environmentally friendly energy source that can be harnessed as an on-shore and off-shore resource. Wind energy, combined with other renewable energy systems, has resulted in a more reliable, feasible, and efficient stand-alone system, known as a hybrid renewable energy system, in which excess energy is stored in batteries. To make hybrid renewable energy systems more efficient using economical energy storage, even in off-grid mode, various other energy combinations have been implemented. In analysing the various combinations of hybrid renewable energy systems, economic factors, such as fuel cost, cost of energy, net present cost, and capital cost, as well as technical factors, namely duty factor, excess energy, average energy production, and unmet load, are considered. The consideration of both economic and technical factors provides comprehensive guidance in determining the optimum load combination, storage type and capacity, off-grid and on-grid simulation details, energy balancing, scale of optimum production, risk assessments, and investor confidence. Accordingly, the operation of hybrid renewable energy systems has improved and become more reliable. Furthermore, the improvement of hybrid renewable energy system performance owing to techno-economic assessments has significantly reduced the costs of battery energy storage used in hybrid renewable energy systems as a backup system. In addition, such improvements in hybrid renewable energy system operation have enabled enhanced applications of these systems in the off-grid mode and resulted in the reduction of high grid upgrading and extension costs in various locations. Hybrid renewable energy systems facilitate the economical distribution of distributed electricity generation in various isolated areas with low density. The analytical methods described in the literature cover various aspects and factors considered in the techno-economic assessments of hybrid renewable energy systems in several countries. This study reviews the penetration of wind power into hybrid renewable energy systems as a solution to current energy deficiencies in different countries around the world. The review is conducted based on the available technical and economic factors of different countries to analyse the wind power penetration in various hybrid systems. Asian countries are noted to have the potential to penetrate wind energy into hybrid systems, yet some constraints, such as lack of experience and information, are a major limitation. Furthermore, in European countries, curtailment, high -wake effects, and financial difficulties are common. The technical development of wind power is insufficient in African countries. European countries are ahead in terms of the technical development of wind power penetration into hybrid systems. In some developed countries, such as Germany, hydrogen is used for energy storage, while batteries and generators are used in most Asian countries. In European, Asian, and North and South American countries, the solar/wind combination was identified as economical whereas photovoltaic and diesel/wind were in African countries. Despite these challenges, almost all countries have identified the potential for wind power generation using the available wind energy resources.
In order to realize carbon neutrality, Korean Government is promoting the development of renewable energy with a focus on solar power and wind power. However, the development of wind power is delayed compared to that of solar power for which the achievements have exceeded the targets. When it comes to onshore wind power, development has been delayed due to siting problems. In this study, in order to derive key regulations affecting the siting of onshore wind power, sensitivity analysis was conducted for 58 siting factors. The database consisted of 33 environmental and forest regulations from onshore wind energy siting atlas, roads, railways, buildings, tidal flats, civilian control zones, special-purpose areas, special purpose districts, development restriction zones and cultural heritage protection zones. By dividing the results by administrative districts, key regulations for onshore wind power in each region was derived.
The idea of achieving energy security and lowering the dependence on the global hydrocarbon market is at the top of the agenda in many countries. Most of them consider switching from traditional energy sources to renewable ones as one of the ways to reduce fuel import. This concept absolutely conforms to one of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Goal no. 7, “Affordable and Clean Energy”). In May 2019, the Government of Uzbekistan Republic adopted the law on the Use of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). By 2030, Uzbekistan is going to increase the share of RES in the total structure of electricity generation up to 25 % (currently it is at 10 %), by building solar and wind farms with a total installed capacity of 5,000 MW and 3,000 MW, respectively. The energy-deficient Bostanliq district of the Tashkent region has become one of the places of interest, where transport infrastructure, recreation services, and renewable energy will be developed. The purpose of this study was a multivariate analysis, considering the meteorological, ecological, and socio-economic characteristics of the Bostanliq district, leading to the selection of the optimal location for the wind farm. The assessment map based on the results of this analysis made it possible to identify areas that are most suitable for the location of wind power plants. The assessment method, that was used in this work, is also applicable to other regions of the world.
In order to solve the problem of site compatibility, which is the biggest obstacle that delays the dissemination of onshore wind energy, the onshore wind energy siting atlas was developed. This study describes mapping and sensibility analysis of candidate sites based on the site suitability classification of wind resource, 24 environmental regulations and 21 forestry regulations in accordance with the consultation between Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Ministry of Environment and Korea Forest Service. The results show that the area where the suitability of the environmental and forestry is high and economic feasibility is secured is 4,032km 2 , which is 4% of the surveyed area. In addition, according to the sensitivity analysis, the first and second classes of ecological zoning map and the wintering-bird simultaneous census survey area have the highest sensitivity. This confirmed the usefulness of the onshore wind energy siting map as key data to review location suitability of onshore wind.
