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... formation of an El Niño is linked with the cycling of a Pacific Ocean circulation pattern known as the southern oscillation. In a normal year, a surface low pressure develops in the region of northern Australia and Indonesia and a high pressure system over the coast of Peru (Fig 1). As a result, the trade winds over the Pacific Ocean move strongly from east to west. ...
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Citations
... Furthermore, six of the deficit rainfall events associated with El Niño experienced a negative departure from normal indicating impending drought situations likely to occur in association with El Niño events. Another study con- 1951, 1953, 1957, 1958, 1963, 1965, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1976, 1977, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2002, 2004, 2006, 200912 Years 1982, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2002, 2004, 2006, 20094 Years 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009 Indian droughts 13 + 1 Years 1951, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1972, 1974, 1979, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1991, 2002, 2004, 20096 + 1 Years 1982, 1986, 1987, 1991, 2002, 2004, 20093 Years 2002, 2004, 2009 Drought and El Niño 10 + 1 Years 1951, 1965, 1968, 1972, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1991, 2002, 2004, 20096 + 1 Years 1982, 1986, 1987, 1991, 2002, 2004, 20093 Years 2002, 2004, 2009 El Niño but not drought 12 years 1953, 1957, 1958, 1963, 1969, 1976, 1977, 1983, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2006 5 years 1983, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2006 1966,1974,1979 None None ducted by Patel et al. (2014) for Gujarat region exhibited that annual as well asmonsoon seasonal rainfall during El Nino years was more as compared to non-El Niño years. Moreover, large spatial variability is noticed both in annual and seasonal rainfall during El Niño years in comparison to non-El Niño years. ...
... Moreover, El Niño resulting in deficit rainfall tends to lower the summer crops production such as rice, sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds and therefore the outcome might be seen in form of high inflation rates and lower GDP due to high contribution of agriculture sector in Indian economy. However, the relationship among Indian monsoon rainfall pattern and El Nino are not that strong as Australia and typically, only strong El Nino affects India negatively (Patel et al. 2014). Selvaraju (2003) studied the variability of summer monsoon rainfall (SMR) with ENSO phases in major foodgrain producing sub-divisions of India for the period of during 1950-99 and concluded that warm ENSO years (El Nino years) reduces foodgrain production, as SMR is a critical input for both Kharif and Rabi season crops under intensive crop production systems.The percentage deviation of the foodgrain production variability has been depicted in Fig. 2.2 which clearly reflect that 12 out of 13 warm El Nino years, the total foodgrain production decreased in the range of 1.2 to 14.9%. ...
... The impact of El Nino events for different crops in Gujarat state (Patel et al. 2014) revealed that productivity for majority of the crops were adversely affected in different crop growing regions of the state. The crops such as rice, groundnut, mustard and wheat were found to be highly vulnerable due to El Niño episodes in all the major growing districts. ...
El-Nino refers to a large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction associated with the episodic warming in sea surface temperatures (SST) across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific. La Nina is an opposite event of El Niño which is termed as the episodic cooling of ocean SST in the central and east-central equatorial pacific. El Niño events are mostly associated with warm and dry conditions in southern and eastern inland areas of Australia, as well as Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia and central Pacific islands such as Fiji, Tonga and Papua New Guinea. The inter-annual variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) has been linked to variations of Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) over the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans. ENSO events have a profound impact on summer monsoonal rainfall across India and most of the major droughts have occurred during El Niño events. However, its reverse is not always true. Previously El Niño had a strong association with droughts in India but this relationship has been weekend in recent years. El Niño conditions mostly coincide with a period of weak monsoon and rising temperatures in India and thus the probability of drought occurrence surges during El Nino events that could be disturbing for Indian crop production and water supply. Moreover, El Niño resulting in deficit rainfall tends to lower the summer crops production such as rice, sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds and therefore the outcome might be seen in form of high inflation rates and lower GDP due to high contribution of agriculture sector in Indian economy. This paper describes the occurrence of El Niño events, its impact on climate in different parts of world with special reference to Indian monsoon and crop production.
... Manikandan et al. (2016) also reported negative departure in annual rainfall ranging from 1 to 10 per cent in different districts of Chhattisgarh. Patel et al.(2014) observed that variability in annual rainfall was high and widespread in Gujarat indicating the influence of El Niño on the rainfall.However, there is no one to one relationship as El Niño years have not always produced severe droughts. Moreover studies on the effect of El Niño either on crop production or productivity at regional level are meager. ...
... In rice, wheat and barley the weak and strong El Niño positively affected the productivity in most of these crops growing districts while the moderate El Niño had negative impact.This indicates that moderate and strong El Niño years influence the productivity of the crop perhaps depending upon the location of the district. Similar observation has also been made by Patel et al. (2014) for Gujarat state. ...
