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Perceived moisture in shirt fabrics was determined using psychophysical methods and objectively measured moisture absorption behaviours. Four shirt fabrics were assessed: cotton; regular polyester; high-performance polyester; ahigh-performance polyester/polypropylene blend. After a screening test, six of 10 female subjects participated inthe determ...
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... absorption behaviour of the test fabrics was characterised ( Figure 4). Cotton absorbed water faster than the other fabrics at the moment of initial contact, but the rate slowed as the test progressed; the total absorbent capacity (i.e. the total water amount absorbed by the sample of cotton was the lowest. By contrast, the H. PET/PP fabric showed the slowest initial absorption rate, but the largest total absorbent capacity (V). The specific absorbent capacity ( C ) of the fabrics was also significantly different ( p 5 0.001, Figure 5); the H. PET/PP fabric had the highest absorbent capacity, while cotton had the lowest. The absorbent capacities of two 100% PET fabrics were between that of H. PET/PP and cotton; the H. PET fabric showed a slightly better absorbent capacity than regular PET ( p 5 0.05). Generally, in the demand wettability test, total absorbent capacity (V) is related to the apparent density (the weight per unit volume of a material including voids, g/cm 3 ). Cotton fabric had the highest apparent density, followed by the regular PET, H. PET and H. PET/PP fabric. The correlation coefficient between apparent density and absorbent capacity was 7 0.88. Because the thickness of the test fabrics in this study was controlled within a range (SD 0.017 mm), absorbent capacity was closely related to weight; the correlation coefficient between fabric weight and absorbent capacity was 7 0.85. Cotton had the highest initial absorption rate (Q 1 ), and the H. PET/PP fabric, the lowest (Figure 6), but the difference was not statistically significant. The initial absorption rate is closely related to the wetting time, which is determined by the hydrophilicity and topographical surface properties of the fabric (Yoo and Barker 2004). The slow initial absorption rate of H. PET/PP is due to the hydrophobic surface properties of the polypropylene fibres on the skin side of the fabric. The absorption rates between 30 and 70% of maximum absorption capacity (wicking rate, Q 2 ) were fastest for the two PET fabrics ( p 5 0.001, Figure 7). These wicking rates were a result of water in the intra/inter fibre pores; the driving force of the wicking absorption was capillary action rather ...
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... Water absorption and transfer properties of fabrics are key contributors of the perceived thermal comfort [61,62], and fatigue level experienced when comfort cannot be enabled under extreme conditions or high activity. Thus water absorption capacities of polyester fabrics were investigated at different water temperatures. ...
Recently, clothing comfort and ease of use have become an indispensable expectation especially in sports and functional clothing which have led researchers to focus on development of smart textiles including new functionalities such as active thermoregulation. Therefore, a novel nanocomposite finishing treatment consisting of temperature responsive shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) and cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) was developed and applied to polyester fabric to produce smart fabric having dual responsive performance to moisture besides temperature. Water vapour, air permeability and sweat absorption properties were investigated under different temperature and relative humidity conditions to test thermoregulation performance of the treated fabrics. Physical, mechanical properties (weight, thickness and bursting strength) and durability of treated fabrics were also tested. Morphology, chemical compositions and thermal characterization of treated fabrics were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Thermogravimetric (TG) analyses, respectively. It was found out that polyester fabric exhibited dynamic breathability and sweat absorption with temperature and relative humidity of body or environmental conditions thanks to the obtained dual responsive shape memory function. Also, mechanical and end use performances such as bursting strength and washing fastness of polyester were enhanced with this treatment. Summing up, SMPU-CNW nanocomposite treatment can be a good alternative for smart sports clothing having thermoregulation function for enhanced comfort besides desired mechanical and end use performances.
... In light of these findings, previous differences reported between natural and synthetic fibers have been confounded by other material factors such as thickness, design/construction and weight, 6-9 all of which affect water absorption parameters within the material. [33][34][35] Although we were unable to match socks according to weight, the present study is the first to evaluate the effect of sock fiber accounting for thickness and design/construction. As no differences in thermo-physiological responses were observed between sock conditions, it could be concluded that the small weight difference between sock conditions was negligible. ...
This study evaluated the effect of socks (different in fiber type) and the effect of not wearing a sock on perceptions of thermal comfort in relation to changes in foot skin temperature and shoe microclimate (temperature and humidity) during rest and exercise. Ten females completed five trials on separate occasions. Four socks (cotton, wool, polyester, Coolmax) and no sock were evaluated. Trials were conducted at 23°C, 50% relative humidity and consisted of rest (10 min seated), treadmill running (40 min, 7.5 km·h ⁻¹ ) and recovery (15 min seated). Foot skin temperature and shoe microclimate were measured at seven sites on the right foot. Foot skin hydration was measured at nine foot sites. Perceptual responses were recorded. Foot thermo-physiological and foot perceptual responses were similar for all sock conditions ( p > 0.05). Similar foot thermo-physiological responses were also observed between the sock and no sock conditions ( p > 0.05). Interestingly, however, not wearing a sock resulted in greater perceptions of foot wetness, stickiness and discomfort ( p < 0.05). As tactile interactions caused by foot movement within the shoe are strong predictors of foot wetness perception (a key contributor to wear discomfort), socks are important in reducing the tactile cues generated. The sock is therefore an important area for development and relevant for overall improvements in footwear comfort.
... Liquid absorption properties of fabrics are critical not only for the success of wet processes such as dyeing, printing and finishing but also for the perceived wetness, fatigue level during exercise, skin-fabric friction, hence thermal comfort performances of clothing (Jeon, Yoo, & Kim, 2011;Sweeney, 1988;Tang, Kan, & Fan, 2014). The water absorption behavior of fabric may be more important than WVPR (Niwa, 1968) Molecular level of liquid/water absorption depends on the chemical nature of fiber used, physical characteristics of fiber, yarn, fabric (i.e. ...
In this study, wool fabrics were treated with shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) at different concentrations (5–20 wt%) by using pad-dry-cure process. Transition temperature (Tg) of the SMPU was suitable for body temperature so as to create a fabric having smart breathability and insulation. FT-IR and SEM analyses were conducted for assessing polymer and wool fabric interactions. Air, water vapor permeability (WVP), and water absorption capacity tests of raw and SMPU treated fabrics were carried out within temperature range covering points lower and above Tg of the polymer (20–65 °C). Effects of relative humidity (RH) on WVP were also investigated with the tests carried out under differing RH values (20–80%). According to the results, wool fabrics treated with 10 wt% SMPU had the best smart transfer capability changing according to temperature and relative humidity. Its absorption capacity was also superior with its acceptable hand values according to bending rigidity results.
... In Raccuglia et al.'s [20] study, fabric was wetted to 50 % of total absorption capacity. In Jeon et al.'s study [43], fabrics were wetted with 0.5 ml and 1.5 ml water to simulate light and heavy sweating. The amount of water applied in their studies might not be entirely correlated with the sweating magnitude and their corresponding implications are unclear. ...
... Jeon et al. [43] Test specimen wetted with 0.5 ml and 1.5 ml water were put onto the inner forearm. ...
Sweating will trigger stickiness sensation and affecting sensorial comfort of wearer. This study aims at assessing stickiness sensation perceived in wetted fabrics utilizing the Body Movement Simulator (BMS). BMS was built to drive the samples to and fro subject’s volar forearms, providing repeatable fabric movement. Assessors were asked to compare the sample with the reference and assign numerical value to the sample using the magnitude estimation approach. 22 types of fabrics with different constructional parameters and fiber content were assessed by 23 assessors. Statistical analysis shows that within-judge reliability and between-judge consistency are satisfactory, and significant between-fabric differences are observed, demonstrating that both experimental method and assessor panel are reliable. The results reveal that thicker fabrics with higher absorption capacity and less contact area with skin contribute to weaker stickiness sensation. The perceived stickiness is highly related to water content and saturation level of samples, but poorly related to its surface friction and roughness in dry condition. This subjective assessment method is useful for assessing the stickiness sensation in textiles especially for sportswear, intimate apparel or hygiene products.
... In Raccuglia et al.'s study [11], fabrics were wetted to 50% of total absorption capacity. In Jeon et al.'s study [25], fixed amount of water (0.5 and 1.5 ml) was applied to wet the sample. However, they have not investigated the effect of wetness level of fabrics on perceived stickiness systematically. ...
Increasing skin wetness tends to increase fabric–skin adhesion and friction, resulting in wear discomfort or skin injuries. Here, the magnitude estimation approach was used to assess the stickiness sensation perceived in fabrics. Seven fabric types were wetted by putting onto wet ‘skin’ surface and dried for different durations to achieve different wetness levels, simulating wearing conditions during the recovery period after sweating. Results showed that the relationship between magnitude estimates of stickiness and amount of water present in fabric demonstrated a power function. The exponents and constant from power regression show the growth rate of stickiness sensation with moisture intensity and the perceived stickiness under fixed stimulus intensity, respectively. A novel parameter, accumulated stickiness magnitude (ASM), describing how much discomfort a wetted fabric offered throughout the drying period, was developed. Thin cotton fabrics (fabric W01 and W03), having higher saturation level after contacting with wetted skin surface, arouse stronger stickiness feeling and their ASM is remarkably higher. The difference in stickiness estimates is due to the difference in chemical composition and surface geometry. This study suggests us the way to predict perceived stickiness in fabrics with different wetness levels which is useful for applications like sportswear, intimate apparel or healthcare products.
... This may be related to that professional sportswear has less resistance and large permeability index. Human sweat after exercise can quickly be transferred to the garment surface and evaporate on the surface of the body, which can take heat and reduce skin temperature [19]. In addition, compared with the conditions of E1 and E2, it is showed that the lower the environmental humidity, the smaller the moisture transfer resistance of clothing, the more obvious the evaporative cooling effect. ...
... A large body of research has been focusing on the complex multisensory modality of wetness perception using fabrics (Sweeney and Branson 1990a, b;Jeon et al. 2011;Niedermann and Rossi 2012). For instance, Li (2005), in wear trials, and recently Raccuglia et al. (2016), in local body sensorial trials, highlighted the contribution of cold sensation to the perception of fabric moisture. ...
This experiment studied textile (surface texture (ST), thickness) and non-textile (local skin temperature (Tsk) changes, stickiness sensation and fabric-to-skin pressure) factors affecting skin wetness perception (WP) under dynamic interactions. Changes in fabric texture sensation between WET and DRY state and their effect on pleasantness were also studied. ST of eight fabric samples, selected for different structures, was determined from surface roughness measurements using the Kawabata Evaluation System (KES). Sixteen participants assessed fabric WP, at high pressure (HIGH-P) and low pressure (LOW-P) conditions, stickiness, texture and pleasantness sensation on the ventral forearm. Differences in WP (p < 0.05) were not determined by texture properties and/or texture sensation. Stickiness sensation and local Tsk drop were determined as predictors of WP (r2 = 0.89), and although thickness did not correlate with WP directly when combined with stickiness sensation it provided a similar predictive power (r2 = 0.86). Greater (p < 0.05) WP responses in HI-P were observed compared with LOW-P. Texture sensation affected pleasantness in DRY (r2 = 0.89) and WET (r2 = 0.93). In WET, pleasantness was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared to DRY, likely due to the concomitant increase in texture sensation (p < 0.05). In summary, under dynamic conditions, changes in stickiness sensation and WP could not be attributed to fabric texture properties (i.e. surface roughness) measured by the Kawabata Evaluation System. In dynamic conditions thickness or skin temperature drop can predict fabric WP only when including stickiness sensation data.
For the full paper please contact George via Researchgate or via email at G.havenith@lboro.ac.uk
... A large body of research has been focusing on the complex multisensory modality of wetness perception using fabrics (Sweeney and Branson 1990a, b;Jeon et al. 2011;Niedermann and Rossi 2012). For instance, Li (2005), in wear trials, and recently Raccuglia et al. (2016), in local body sensorial trials, highlighted the contribution of cold sensation to the perception of fabric moisture. ...
... For instance, participants would probably not be able to detect the same amount of water of 0.024 mL in a thicker material, or conversely would perceive a smaller amount of water in a thinner fabric, given that the fabric would contain lower or higher relative to volume water content, respectively. On the other hand, Jeon et al. indicated that when applying a total water amount of 500 mL to a cotton and a high performance polyester fabric, 27 both having a surface area of 10,000 mm 2 (0.05 mL mm À2 ), the different threshold (the minimum amount of water change required to elicit a difference in wetness perception from 500 mL) is 252 mL of water for cotton and 193 mL for high-performance polyester. However, even in this case, the latter may not apply to wider fabric thickness/volume range. ...
Skin-wetness-perception (WP) greatly affects thermal and sensorial discomfort in clothing and as such is of great interest to the clothing industry. Following neurophysiological studies of WP, this study looks at textile parameters affecting WP. Twenty-four fabrics, varying in thickness, fibre-type and absorption capacity were studied. Using twelve participants (males/females), the WP induced was studied in four wetness states: 1:Dry; 2:ABS, all having the same absolute water content of 2400µl per sample (= 0.24µl·mm-2); 3:100REL, saturated with water to their individual absorption capacity; 4:50REL, to 50% of the value in 3. As total absorption capacity was highly correlated (r=0.99) to fabric thickness, condition 3 and 4 were equivalent to having the same water content per volume of textile, i.e. 0.8 and 0.4µl·mm-3 respectively. Samples were applied to the upper back, statically to minimise the contribution of surface roughness/friction.
WP was highly correlated to drop in skin temperature induced by the wet fabric, and increased with application pressure of the fabric. No effect of fibre-type was observed.
In REL, with equal µl·mm-3, WP showed a positive correlation to total fabric water-content-per-area (µl·mm-2), and thus also to thickness, given the correlation between the latter two, with saturation above 1.5µl·mm-2. In ABS on the other hand, with equal µl·mm-2, and thus with relative water content (µl·mmµl·mm-3) inversely proportional to thickness, WP was also inversely proportional to thickness. Thus WP showed opposing responses depending on the wetting type, indicating that the methodology of manipulating water content should be selected in relation to the product end-use.
For the full paper please click here https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/22489 or contact George via Researchgate or via email at G.havenith@lboro.ac.uk
... Examples include sweat from playing sports, taking a bath, and face washing. Perception of wetness has been studied mostly in the textile field for comfort feeling related to wearing clothes [1][2][3]. Wetness of cloth leads to an uncomfortable feeling, therefore, it is an important factor to evaluate in the performance of cloth materials. ...
In order to create a device that produces the sensation of wet cloth, we have proposed a method to augment the wet sensation of dry cloth. This paper investigated whether controlling the surface temperature and softness of a cloth could reproduce the wet sensation or not. Participants scored their feelings after touching the cloth with different temperatures and softness. Results indicated a tendency to perceive a wet sensation equivalent to actual wet cloth by not only decreasing the temperature but also increasing softness of the cloth.