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![Wenner's four-pin four-point method for measuring soil resistivity [3]](profile/Michael-Apprey/publication/349666223/figure/fig1/AS:996094947389451@1614498950703/Wenners-four-pin-four-point-method-for-measuring-soil-resistivity-3.jpg)
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A simple method for analyzing electrical earthing system is presented. The idea behind this research is to furnish the general public particularly in Ghana to understand the effectiveness of using low resistive materials to provide low resistance values for their earthing frameworks to protect lives and guarantee hardware security. Right now, profi...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... this method is appropriate in estimating the assortment of different soils and upgradable substances [9]- [10]. Figure 3 illustrates the measurement technique. [3] IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1088/1/012054 ...
Citations
... This test assesses how effectively the grounding system disperses excess electrical energy into the earth, reducing the risk of electric shock or fire hazards. Understanding the earth resistance value provides assurance that the electrical installation is properly grounded, contributing to a safer living environment [40]. Additionally, a low earth resistance value indicates a more efficient grounding system, which can enhance the overall performance and reliability of electrical equipment in the home [41], including an effective billing system. ...
Understanding electrical hazards and implementing safety measures is paramount to protecting lives and property. Therefore, this research investigates electrical hazards in households and safety measures taken by residents in Sokode–Etoe, Ghana. The primary objective is to identify gaps in knowledge regarding electrical hazards among domestic electricity consumers and offer recommendations to enhance safety and mitigate the risks. The data were systematically collected from 200 participants, including both homeowners and tenants, using a structured questionnaire. The results were presented using Likert scale analysis, sample t-test, binary logistic regression analysis, involving statistical hypothesis testing of predictor variable coefficients, Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA) and Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA). Participants showed a high awareness of electrical hazards, yet demonstrated a weaker grasp of safety practices, correct emergency procedures, and infrequent testing of wiring systems by homeowners. The predominant electrical accident that emerged was electrical shock. Most homeowners have not engaged certified electrical inspectors for a decade, reflecting uncertainty about the safety protocols in place. Furthermore, respondents expressed a degree of uncertainty regarding the
safety measures implemented in their households concerning electricity usage. This study underscores the pressing need to raise awareness and promote safe electrical practices in residential environments. Such an educational initiative could utilize a variety of communication channels, social media influencers, renowned personalities, customised mobile applications and other platforms. This research stands out as the inaugural investigation offering a comprehensive examination
of the hazards related to energy consumption and safety precautions in Ghana. It focuses on an often-overlooked demographic of electricity users in Ghana, shedding light on
domestic electrical safety issues and the growing hazards.
... The kernel oil cake can absorb moisture about 2.5 times its weight. Thus, it can considered a good grounding enhancement material, reliable and stable in grounding resistance reduction by 50% during 3 years [17,18]. Out of three sites to complete the grounding system at the University of Putra in Malaysia, only one site was selected based on soil homogeneity and the more ability of soil resistivity measurements. ...
... Each sample was placed at 20 x10 cm earth mat covered by raw sand. Tire ash show a superiority in measurements as the grounding reduction reached up to 16% in wet season and 8% in dry season [18]. ...
... Wood ash 75 % [18] Tire ash. ...
Among the important influences on grounding systems are soil resistivities, as well as climatic changes such as temperature and humidity. Previous scientific research in soil enhancement materials is constantly improving to reduce soil resistance, and then improve the grounding systems to ensure safety of people and public facilities against the risks of fault current leakage or lightning strike. This paper presents a review based on the scientific analysis of previous research in field of soil-enhancement materials and their types under the influence of low and transient (impulse) testing conditions. The traditional and recent soil-enhancement materials are rearranged and divided into three main categories (natural, chemical, and waste) according to their nature. Then, it will focus on methodology, field, and computational methods of measurement. In addition, the soil-enhancement materials evaluation in grounding system based on their advantages and drawbacks is reported.
The grounding scheme is one of the main elements for protection system to mitigate the effect of unwanted lightning strikes or operational failures due to faults in generation, transmission and distribution systems. Desert sand soil has a very low electric conductivity, causing weakness in grounding system. To mitigate problems, the soil is supported with a high conductivity agent to adjust the soil conductivity to acceptable levels. A high-cost and non-renewable commercial product can be added to soils to increase their conductivity. This study brings innovation to conventional soil-enhancement materials. A newly developed mixture is proposed, which is composed of waste-activated carbon received from water purification industries and wood ash from agricultural wastes. First, mixture samples with different compositions of available waste materials were prepared. Then, experimental tests were performed and optimized with a combined genetic algorithm (GA) and fuzzy ranking method to estimate the optimal percentage volume value of each material involved in the developed mixture. To validate the effectiveness of the developed mixture, the results were compared with a commercial product available in the market. Also, the obtained results using GA are compared with those obtained by particle swarm optimization (PSO) to appreciate the best GA solutions. The effectiveness of using the developed mixture and the commercial product in reducing the resistance-to-ground of a rod driven in high and low resistivity soils is evaluated. Finally, a sample of the developed mixture was checked to be non-corrosive material for copper grounding rods.
