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Well Being by Gender for Entrepreneurs, Established Business Owners and NonEntrepreneurs/ Non-Established Business Owners in the United States, 2013
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... En 13 países de América Latina y el Caribe, uno de cada tres jóvenes en la edad de 18 a 24 años tiene la condición de "ninis" (ILO, 2020). En los Estados Unidos, las tasas más altas de TEA se encuentran entre los grupos de edad de 25 a 34 y 35 a 44 (22%) (Kelley et al, 2020). ...
El objetivo de la investigación es analizar las competencias de emprendimiento en estudiantes universitarios peruanos, específicamente de una universidad privada del Perú. La investigación fue de tipo aplicada, de diseño cuasi experimental se utilizó el enfoque cuantitativo, de alcance descriptivo y con corte longitudinal. Se aplicó la metodología “Conozca de empresa” de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo para desarrollar competencias en emprendimiento. Con el apoyo del cuestionario se midieron variables en dos ocasiones: la primera en el pretest, cuyos resultados más relevantes indicaron en el 79% de los casos, los estudiantes son persistentes, en el 71% ingeniosos, y el 75% tienen aversión al riesgo. En la segunda en el post test, los resultados más resaltantes indican, que el 98% logró desarrollar el programa a una situación real, el 97% se consideran con talento para diseñar planes, y el 98% se consideran futuros empresarios. Concluyéndose que el 68% de los estudiantes universitarios evaluados (42) desarrollaron competencias de emprendimiento de nivel alto, y, de estos, el 98% (41) llevó el programa a una situación real de mercado con la aplicación de la metodología “Conozca de empresa” de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo.
... Much of the research on female entrepreneurship over the past four decades has focused on how they compare to male entrepreneurs (Brush 1992;Greene et al. 2003;Sullivan and Meek 2012), and has often framed females as deficient or 'handicapped' (Bates 2002;Ezzedeen and Zikic 2012;Foss 2010) by various factors as both potential and practicing entrepreneurs (Goss et al. 2011;Karimi et al. 2013;Marlow and McAdam 2013;Mitchelmore and Rowley 2010;Shao-Hui, Ping, and Peng-Peng 2011). Research shows a strong link between women's perceptions about entrepreneurship and their rates of participation as entrepreneurs (GEM 2010;Kelley et al. 2014Kelley et al. , 2012. 'Where women believed there were good opportunities for starting businesses, and where they had confidence, ability and spirit for this activity, there were typically higher female entrepreneurship rates' (Kelley et al. 2012, 42). ...
... Female entrepreneurs are more likely than their male counterparts to be found in ventures associated with necessity-driven entrepreneurship DeTienne and Chandler 2007;Fletcher 2006;Gedeon 2010;Kelley et al. 2014;Zeyen et al. 2012). However, it is likely that assessments of motivation tell us more about cultural expectations and the unconscious biases that shape intentions than they do about actual motivation (Margison and Brown 2007). ...
Using U.S. Census data for the period 2010 to 2016, for 383 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and 3,137 counties nationwide, the authors examine the relationship between housing affordability and business growth in three industrial sectors: Retail, Information, and Professional Services. Housing affordability is measured by the percentage of cost-burdened homeowners and renters, defined as the proportion of households paying 30% or more of gross income toward owners’ costs or rents. The results of a generalized method of moments dynamic panel regression analysis are mixed using MSA-level data. However, using county-level data, the authors find compelling evidence that an increase in homeowner and renter cost burden has a statistically significant adverse effect on business growth in all three business sectors. For instance, over a 7-year period, if housing unaffordability increases by 1 percentage point annually, the number of Professional Services establishments is expected to shrink by 90,248 across 3,137 counties nationwide.
Retirement of a large portion of the workforce and, particularly, entrepreneurs is a contemporary trend in developed countries. Despite substantial economic and social consequences of entrepreneurs’ retirement, it has received limited scholarly attention. Using a mixed method approach, we shed light on how entrepreneurs approach retirement and the implications for exit strategy. Our findings suggest retirement is a voluntary decision over which entrepreneurs have considerable control, increasing their proclivity toward partial retirement at a later than normal age. Entrepreneurial identity plays a role in shaping approaches to retirement. Retirement intention influences preferences toward particular exit strategies and associated preparation efforts.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how a homeschool education influences entrepreneurial characteristics and activity.
Design/methodology/approach
A collective case study design was used to investigate how a homeschool education influences entrepreneurial characteristics and activity.
Findings
From the participant interviews, surveys, and document analysis, three salient themes emerged. First, participants noted that their home education, at least in later years, was largely self-directed and that this independent, self-motivated type of learning impacted their subsequent entrepreneurial activities. Next, participants also related that they believed the alternative nature of their homeschooling education and its emphasis on being comfortable with being different influenced their entrepreneurial pathway. Finally, the third theme to surface was the idea that homeschooling helped develop an internal locus of control, a belief that is helpful in entrepreneurial undertakings.
Research limitations/implications
Research limitations included a lack of generalizability due to a small sample size and possible selection bias.
Practical implications
Despite these shortcomings, however, several implications exist. For example, the findings from this study show that homeschooling may be a viable alternative education method for parents looking to encourage entrepreneurial traits and activities in their children.
Social implications
Future areas of research were also identified, including a call to research the role locus of control plays in homeschooled students.
Originality/value
This study addresses an area that, to the knowledge of this researcher, is completely lacking from the research literature.
This paper studies the effect of children on the likelihood of self-employment. Having children can change preferences that are central to the decision whether to be self-employed. On the one hand, individuals’ preference for autonomy and flexibility increases when having children, which increases the willingness to be self-employed. On the other hand, having children entails a responsibility over someone else, which increases individual risk aversion and decreases the willingness to be self-employed. Using a pooled cross section of 26 years from the General Social Survey, instrumental variable estimates indicate that, in the USA, having children under the age of 18 in the household decreases the likelihood of being self-employed by 11 % (i.e., the responsibility effect dominates). This effect is considerable as a child decreases the probability of self-employment more than the increase associated with being raised by a self-employed father—one of the main determinants of self-employment.
The shift in economic trends and technology has spurred an increase in entrepreneurship in recent years. However, the success of these businesses is not evenly distributed across race, gender, and other socio-cultural attributes. In fact, much of the research suggests unique socio-demographic differences between black and white entrepreneurs. This study compares some outcomes and attributes of black and white entrepreneurs and investigates some non-financial variables that contribute to their success. The research found significant differences in age, years of education, number of hours worked, and socioeconomic status among other factors within and across white and black entrepreneur groups. The findings suggest there are legitimate differences between characteristics of black and white entrepreneurs and that further research is needed to understand what factors lead to their success. Understanding these dynamics and creating programs and policy to promote these success factors will contribute greatly to expanding the economy as these firms grow and create more opportunities.
Stimulating entrepreneurship is intrinsic to creating both sustained economic value and jobs. It is also clear that no more critical a goal exists in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region than creating stability and common prosperity through the long-term employment—and positive deployment—of youth.
Studies make extensive connections between entrepreneurial activity and economic development, and a 2010 report by the Kauffman Foundation makes explicit the role of start-ups in job creation. The study specifically states, “Startups are not everything when it comes to job creation. They are the only thing.”
Related Kauffman studies from the U.S. (see Kane, 2010) provide conclusive evidence that start-ups account for a substantial proportion of all net job creation. Mapped onto domestic and/or regional recession, further evidence suggests that job creation in the start-up segment remains consistent in economic downturns, whereas larger businesses are more adversely affected by the cyclical economic factors typical to the boom/bust cycle. Finally, in a 2009 study by Litan and Stangler, Kauffman concludes that two-thirds of new jobs come from firms that are between one and five years old.
It is clear that emerging and developing economies are impacted by similar dynamics, based on evidence from Brazil, Jordan, and other entrepreneur-centric economies (Ali et al, 2010; Castanhar, Dias, and Dias, 2008), in that entrepreneurship stimulus and growth metrics in such places supersedes even the pace of startup activity in the U.S.
Mapped onto the above dynamics, it is also possible to gain insight from studies such as the Startup Genome Report (Marmer, Herrmann, & Berman, 2011) as to how and why start-ups succeed, thereby creating an effective framework to facilitate such success. Projects such as Oasis 500 in Jordan have (with some early success) begun to create the structured pipeline of incubated businesses that may well ensure quality. Thus the flow of venture capital may accelerate in the region over time and in a sustained fashion.
Of course, success through entrepreneurship does not depend solely on the rate of growth in the volume of start-ups. A core factor in the success of such businesses is access to an open channel of active “angel” and earlystage investors, who operate individually or through dedicated vehicles or seed funds and plug the gap of earlystage capital requirements below the 2 million threshold of conventional venture capital firms. Such an approach may well give entrepreneurs the access to quality strategic insight, possibly to mentoring, and to the reasonable performance reporting requirements of a sophisticated earlystage investor. A joint Harvard-MIT study estimated that angel-funded firms have a greater chance of survival and typically outperform their non-angel-funded counterparts (Kerr, Lerner, and Schoar 2010).
Startups cannot exist in a vacuum, nor are they isolated from cultural, political, and structural factors. It is clear that an entrepreneurship ecosystem, typically at the national level to start with, is the defining factor in creating a sustainable entrepreneurship culture and in repeated success. In the words of pioneering jazz musician Dizzy Gillespie, “The professional is the guy who can do it twice.” A large part of that ethos is embedded learning, culture, and the impact of repeated success that benefits the whole ecosystem, fraternity, or community.
The broad factors that are required to make the ecosystem work in a region like MENA are:
• Entrepreneurship education and relevant academia: One lynchpin is the “anchor” role of an innovation-driven academic institution like MIT. Its role is in entrepreneurship education, incubation, and acting as a long-term bridge for academic insight allied to closely affiliated or even in-house business expertise. Regional universities such as The American University in Cairo and the American University of Beirut also seek to create the content, bridge, and pipeline of future success stories. However, as Bill Aulet, head of the MIT Entrepreneurship Center, points out from his travels to far-flung Romania and other emerging or growth markets, it is perfectly possible to create entrepreneurial vibrancy without a single top-500 university in the vicinity, primarily because the innate characteristics and hardiness of the population lend themselves to business endeavors and entrepreneurial behavior.
• Capital and markets...
