We measured the internal validity of the light box by comparing the BE of stressed intervertebral disc cells with TNF≠ α to unstressed cells over a three≠ day period. The results on Days 2 and 3 were as expected. Day 1 was not as expected, but we attribute this to a short time period to allow the stress to produce BE (*p < 0.05, #p < 0.05).

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... measured the internal validity of the light box by comparing the BE of stressed IVD cells to unstressed cells over a three-day period ( Figure 3). Day 1 of the internal validity test was not signi cant. ...

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... theorize that the rst day was inconsistent with expected results due to the short time to induce stress. Days 2 and 3 showed a signi cant increase in BE from the TNF-α supplemented cells compared with the control cells, as expected ( Figure 3). ...

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... results showed that post-treatment photon emission from Reiki-treated cells was higher than pre-treatment BE ( Figure 3). These results are consistent with Kokubo et al. (2007) who showed an increase in photon emission a er ì layi ng on of hands.î ...

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... circle has a diameter of 9 units and each square has a side- Furthermore, it is possible to generalize the construction by replacing the segments of the octagon of length 3 contained in the sides of the surrounding square by segments of a di erent length (labeled x in Figure 3) centered in each side of the square. Ahmes' construction corresponds to x = 2/3. ...

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... preference is a manifestation of the entropic force, F ! S " which is defined as the product of temperature (T) and an entropy gradient ( S ~ ), i.e., F ! S = T S. This statistically-based force is well-established ( Neumann, 1980;Sokolov, 2010)" especially in biological systems where it is critical to a number of phenomena, including diffusion, osmotic pressure, and polymer folding and coiling (Nelson, 2004). 29 Now consider the energy levels of an arbitrary quantumthermodynamic system (Figure 3). The number of states at a given energy level (E n ) is called its degeneracy, g n . ...

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... number of states at a given energy level (E n ) is called its degeneracy, g n . In Figure 3, for example, the degeneracies of levels 3 and 4 are two and five, respectively. The energy difference between the two levels is !!!! E 4 − E 3 # It is a central maxim of statistical physics that, at equilibrium and at temperature, the ratio of occupation probability for two arbitrary levels n+1 and n is given by (Pathria, 1985;Reif, 1965;Schroeder, 2000) ...

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... k is the Boltzmann constant. For the case of energy levels 3 and 4 in Figure 3, one has ...

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... veridical trances and behavior changes of American medium Leonora E. Piper (1857ñ 1950) ( Figure 3) were particularly in uential (e.g., Hodgson, 1892, 1898; James, 1886; Lodge, 1890). 6 One of her investigators wrote: ...