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![Figure 1. Water phase diagram [9]](profile/Norrashidah-Mokhtar/publication/327562274/figure/fig1/AS:674612400631809@1537851538805/Water-phase-diagram-9_Q320.jpg)
Subcritical water extraction (SWE) is an alternative technique implemented water as a solvent. The objective of this work was to extract Zingiber zerumbet rhizome using SWE at a temperature range from 100ºC to 180ºC with duration from 5 to 25 min. The extracts were analysed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and radical...
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Context 1
... in a normal condition, water has properties of high dielectric constants and not favoured to extract low-polarity compounds [9]. Hence, the enhanced technology has approved water at an elevated temperature and pressure as shown in Figure 1 could be maintained in a liquid phase to improve the efficiency of the extraction process. ...
Context 2
... in a normal condition, water has properties of high dielectric constants and not favoured to extract low-polarity compounds [9]. Hence, the enhanced technology has approved water at an elevated temperature and pressure as shown in Figure 1 could be maintained in a liquid phase to improve the efficiency of the extraction process. ...
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Background:
Zingiber zerumbet rhizome and its bioactive metabolites have previously been reported to exhibit innumerable pharmacological properties particularly anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, the 80% ethanol extract, essential oil and zerumbone of Z. zerumbet rhizomes were explored for their in vitro immunosuppressive properti...
Citations
... Mao et al. [32] highlighted that the health benefits of ginger are primarily attributed to its phenolic compounds. Additionally, numerous researchers have carried out studies on Zingiber officinale Roscoe [33][34][35][36][37] and other ginger species, including Zingiber zerumbet [29,38,39], Zingiber montanum [40], Zingiber officinale rubrum, and Zingiber officinale amarum [35]. The primary contribution of this work, compared to previous studies on ginger, lies in the evaluation of the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Zingiber officinale peel extract using the PLE method with water as the sole solvent. ...
... However, the quantification of TPC and AA is highly dependent on the extraction method and conditions employed. Several authors have utilized the PLE method [21,29,30,[37][38][39]41], while ultrasound-assisted extraction has also been widely applied [33,34,36,40]. Additionally, infusion and decoction techniques [35], as well as organic solvent extraction [21,30,34,38], have been used in various studies. ...
... Several authors have utilized the PLE method [21,29,30,[37][38][39]41], while ultrasound-assisted extraction has also been widely applied [33,34,36,40]. Additionally, infusion and decoction techniques [35], as well as organic solvent extraction [21,30,34,38], have been used in various studies. Regarding findings from previous studies using the PLE method, Razak et al. [37] reported AA values of 71.46 ± 2.44% inhibition. ...
Global food demand is rising, leading to increased food waste, which contains underutilized bioactive compounds. The Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) method employs high temperature and pressure to maintain the solvent in a liquid state above its boiling point, thereby minimizing extraction time and solvent usage. Ginger waste is known to contain bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant activity. We aimed to assess the effect of temperature, time, and particle size on the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) waste aqueous extract using the PLE method. A Box–Behnken design with 16 runs was employed. Each extraction utilized 40 g of the sample and was conducted at a constant pressure of 20 bar with a solvent ratio of 27:1 mL/g. Data analysis was performed with Minitab® 19.1 (64-bit). TPC ranged from 10.42 to 14.1 mg GAE/g, and AA ranged from 72.9 to 111.9 μmol TE/g. The model explained 81.07% of AA’s total variability. Positive correlation was found between TPC and AA (Pearson’s ρ = 0.58, p < 0.05). The optimized extraction conditions were a temperature of 126 °C, an extraction time of 38 min, and a particle size between 355 and 500 μm. Temperature significantly influenced AA (p < 0.05), while time and particle size were not significant factors. To enhance future research, conducting nutritional and functional studies on the extracted compounds would provide valuable insights. Lastly, evaluating the economic feasibility of using PLE for ginger waste valorization should be considered to support its commercial application.
... Mao et al. [29] pointed out that the health benefits of ginger are primarily due to the presence of phenolic compounds. Moreover, numerous authors have conducted experiments with ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) [30][31][32][33][34], as well as other ginger species such as Zingiber zerumbet [26,35,36], Zingiber montanum [37], Zingiber officinale rubrum, and Zingiber officinale amarum [32]. Other raw materials used include avocado (Persea americana) [38], cherimoya leaves (Annona cherimola Mill) [27] and grape seeds (Vitis vinifera) [21]. ...
... However, the results of TPC and AA quantification are dependent on the extraction method and conditions used. Various authors have employed high-pressure and temperature water extraction [21,26,27,[34][35][36]38]. Ultrasound-assisted extraction has also been widely used [30,31,33,37], along with infusion and decoction methods [32] and organic solvent extraction [21,27,31,35]. ...
... However, the results of TPC and AA quantification are dependent on the extraction method and conditions used. Various authors have employed high-pressure and temperature water extraction [21,26,27,[34][35][36]38]. Ultrasound-assisted extraction has also been widely used [30,31,33,37], along with infusion and decoction methods [32] and organic solvent extraction [21,27,31,35]. ...
Global demand for food shows an increasing trend, which implies that volumes of food waste also increase. These wastes contain bioactive compounds that are not properly utilized or valorized. It was reported that ginger waste contains phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature, time, and particle size on the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) waste aqueous extract using the Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) method with water as the sole solvent. Box-Behnken design was used. The sample was 1.60 kg of dried ginger peel powder. Data analysis was performed with Minitab ® 19.1 (64-bit). TPC ranged from 10.42 to 14.1 mg GAE/g, and AA (DPPH method) ranged from 72.9 to 111.9 μmol TE/g. The model explained 81.07% of AA’s total variability. Positive correlation was found between TPC and AA (Pearson's ρ = 0.58, p < 0.05). Response optimization values were 126 °C and 38 min. Temperature was a significant factor (p < 0.05) influencing AA, while time and particle size were not significant. Higher temperatures, longer extraction times and smaller particle sizes increase TPC and AA of the ginger waste aqueous extract.
... 25 g of dried Z.zerumbet with a mean particle size of 2.36 mm was weighed and extracted with 500 ml ethanol for 8 hours. The best operating condition was based on the previous study [19], [20]. The extraction temperature was kept constant at the boiling point of ethanol (78.10℃) and was monitored using an infrared laser thermometer (AR300, China). ...
... The RSA of the extract was analyzed against the stable DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Sigma Aldrich, Germany). According to previous literature [19], [23]. Initially, the samples were diluted at a ratio of 10:40 of extract to 80% ethanol. ...
... TPC was evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu modified method [19], [24]. Initially, the extract was diluted in distilled water with a ratio of 1:10 v/v. ...
Extraction is crucial for herbal extraction to ensure high quality of bioactive compounds from natural herbs. In the current work, Zingiber Zerumbet was extracted via subcritical water extraction (SWE) and is compared with the conventional solvent extraction, Soxhlet. The quality of the extract was investigated in terms of zerumbone concentration, radical scavenging activity (RSA) and total phenolic content (TPC). For zerumbone concentration, extraction via SWE gave 19.82 ±0.004 mg/g as compared with Soxhlet; 28.51±0.079 mg/g. However, the extraction time required for SWE to yield such concentration only required 40 minutes instead of Soxhlet which took 480 minutes. The same trend was recorded for RSA, which yielded 60.70±0.070% inhibition for SWE and 68.81±0.024% inhibition from Soxhlet extraction. In contrast to TPC, SWE recorded a higher response than Soxhlet extraction, which was 19.19±0.003 mgGAE/g DW, while Soxhlet; 8.30±0.019 mgGAE/g DW. Therefore, the SWE method is more favorable for obtaining a higher value of TPC, slightly good in antioxidant properties but lower zerumbone concentration value than organic solvent extraction. However, the reduced extraction time was almost 12 times quicker for SWE when compared with Soxhlet extraction. Overall, SWE is a promising alternative environmentally friendly since it only uses water as solvent and is comparable to the conventional method.
... Selain itu, pelarut yang mempunyai polariti yang sama dengan bahan terlarut boleh meningkatkan keberkesanan proses pengekstrakan (Altemimi et al. 2017). Disebabkan kepelbagaian sebatian bioaktif yang berbeza dalam setiap tumbuhan, maka keterlarutan terhadap jenis pelarut juga berbeza bagi setiap tumbuhan (Truong et al. 2019 Penentuan jumlah kandungan fenol dijalankan menggunakan kaedah Folin-Ciocalteu (Mokhtar et al. 2018). Reagen Folin-Ciocalteu disediakan pada nisbah 1:10 menggunakan air suling. ...
Serai Acheh (Elettariopsis smithiae) ialah tumbuhan herba daripada famili Zingiberaceae (Halia) yang digunakan dalam perawatan tradisi. Matlamat kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji potensi rizom serai Acheh sebagai punca antioksidan semula jadi, mengenal pasti komponen meruap dan menilai perubahan warna yang disebabkan oleh pengekstrakan pada pelbagai parameter. Sampel dikeringkan dalam ketuhar vakum (45 ℃, 0.4 bar) dan diekstrak dengan air suling pada 1:50 (sampel: pelarut) pada pelbagai suhu (50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃) dan masa (40 min, 80 min, 120 min). Pengekstrakan pada suhu 60 ºC selama 120 minit mencatatkan TPC tertinggi iaitu sebanyak 84.59 mg GAE/g manakala pengekstrakan pada suhu 60 ºC selama 40 minit merekodkan nilai FRAP tertinggi iaitu 1176.4 μM FeII/g berbanding sampel lain. Sampel yang diekstrak pada suhu 70 ºC selama 80 minit mencatatkan peratus penyingkiran radikal DPPH tertinggi iaitu 83.37%, namun begitu tiada perbezaan yang signifikan (p>0.05) berbanding sampel yang diekstrak pada suhu 60 ºC selama 80 minit. Nilai peratus penyingkiran radikal kation ABTS tertinggi iaitu 69.59% juga dicatatkan pada suhu pengekstrakan 60 ºC selama 80 minit. Pengekstrakan rizom serai Acheh pada suhu 60 ºC selama 80 minit adalah yang paling optimum. Kesan perlakuan suhu dan masa pengekstrakan juga menyumbang kepada perubahan warna (ΔE) ekstrak rizom serai Acheh yang signifikan (p<0.05) terhadap sampel kawalan. Sebatian eukaliptol, fensil alkohol, borneol, fensil asetat dan 4-etinil-4,8,8-trimetil-2-metilidenabisiklo [5.2.0] nonana adalah sebatian meruap yang dominan ditemui pada sampel kawalan dan sampel rizom serai Acheh yang telah diekstrak pada keadaan optimum. Kandungan antioksida dan kehadiran sebatian meruap membuktikan bahawa rizom serai Acheh mempunyai potensi sebagai punca antioksida semula jadi dan menjadi alternatif kepada antioksida sintetik.
... It is related to their ability to prevent oxidative damage of materials in plants, vegetables, fruits and to their role as natural antioxidants for humans. [1,2]. ...
... As polar solvent, the dielectric constant of water is high because of the hydrogen bond in its structure [12]. Water extraction become an interesting method which is widely applicable in bioactive extraction because it is natural, non-toxic, low cost green solvent and has been recognized as a safe solvent by food and nutraceutical industries [13,2]. This method is an alternative of green technology in collecting functional compounds located inside of materials without a harmful impact on the environment and biomaterial by using water as non-toxic solvents. ...
Proanthocyanidin extraction for antioxidant material from intact red sorghum grains in agitated vessel had been investigated. The optimization and the appropriate kinetic evaluation were useful to conduct the engineering design of the developed process. Concentrations of the proanthocyanidin compounds in the aqueous extract were affected by the agitation speed and extraction time. The objectives of this research were to determine the optimum values of agitation speed and time for getting maximum extraction performance and to develop the appropriate kinetic model for illustrating the extraction phenomena. This research also evaluated the characteristics of the obtained extract. The optimum conditions of extraction were determined using Response Surface Methodology. The concentration of proanthocyanidin compound in the extract was predicted to be maximum at 405.05 rotations per minute (rpm) of agitation speed and 133.03 minutes of extraction time. The values of R ² of the regression equations were 99.45%. In the kinetic modeling, the mechanistic model turns to be much more accurate than the second order kinetic. The extract from the optimum process had 0.837 mg/ml of proanthocyanidin concentration and was proven to be effective in scavenging 64.02% of free radicals in the 100 μM DPPH in 30 minutes.
... The ability of phenolic compounds to capture free radicals in living material systems causes their capability to prevent oxidative damage for extending the food shelf life and reducing the risk of oxidative diseases [2]. The phenolic compounds derived from secondary metabolites are potential to be processed as natural antioxidant or herbal medicine which is recognized more effective, safe and eco-friendly than the synthetic product [2][3][4]. ...
... SWE which so-called as pressurized hot water extraction is an environmentally-safe method that is generally applied for medicinal plants extraction. Subcritical water refers to water in liquid state at condition between boiling point (T=100°C, 0.1MPa) and critical point (374°C, 22.1MPa) [10,11]. At atmospheric condition, water is a polar solvent with high dielectric constant owing to presence of hydrogen bonds in its structure. ...
Growth in industrial production, urbanization, overexploitation of resources and inadequate waste
management, has led to the emergence of many environmental issues. Among these, the generation of
wastewaters from various sources causing pollution has been the most afflicting one. With the changing
habits of people, the preference is shifting towards eating outside rather than cooking at homes thus the
number of restaurants continued to increase at a fast rate throughout the world. The rapid growth of
restaurants has a negative impact on environmental sustainability due to the generation of restaurant
wastewater (RWW). RWW with other pollutants also contains the fats and oils scrapes and leftovers, lards,
used cooking oil and seasonings causing the formation of greasy textured substance called FOG (fat, oil, and
grease). FOG causes serious blockages of sewer leading to sewage backups, sewage spills, manhole
overflows, increase in the frequency of cleaning, and breakage leading to replacement of piping system.
Therefore, proper, and efficient treatment is recommended for RWW containing FOG before discharging it
to the sewers or water bodies to avoid the problems associated. Hence, converting FOG into renewable energy
sources of various forms including biomaterials and biodiesel seems to be a promising solution. The study
will provide an insight of the characterization of restaurant wastewater, emphasizing on the generation of
FOG and its deleterious effects on sewers, treatment plants and the people. The study will also provide an
overview of the sustainable management of FOG for energy recovery and its transformation into various
renewable resources of energy.
