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Although synthetic fibres are widely used in clothing production, they can never provide the comfort properties as much as that of the natural fibres. Therefore, natural fibres keep going their importance. On the other hand, nowadays, new generated synthetic fibres having different structure are produced and introduced under different trade names b...
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... to Table 2, undyed/dyed Coolmax fabrics have the highest water vapour permeability values while bamboo, wool and cotton fabrics have the lowest ones. Physical channels on the fibre surface of Coolmax may give rise to higher water vapour permeability. On the other hand, the fibre structure having micro spaces or hollow core can not affect the water vapour permeability. Water absorption amounts of the fabrics were determined according to the Equation 1 and given in Figure 2. As it is seen in Figure 2, undyed-Coolmax fabric has the highest water absorption amount while the wool fabric has the lowest amount in comparison with that of all the fabrics. On the other hand, dyed-Coolmax and undyed/dyed-Thermolite have statistically similar values and their values follow that of the undyed-Coolmax fabric. The results show that the fabrics produced from new generated fibres such as Coolmax and Thermolite have better water absorption ability compared to that of the fabrics obtained from the natural and regenerated fibres due to their fibre structure. The specially designed fibre structure consisting of four or six channels of Coolmax fibers and hollow-core of Thermolite fibres increase the surface area and so water absorption, in another words moisture/sweat absorption improves (4-5). Similar structure which is defined as micro spaces of bamboo fibre gives rise to higher water absorption than that of the cotton and also wool. Contrary to the expectations, the fabrics obtained from natural fibres such as cotton, wool can take up the water with lower amount compared to the fabrics produced from new generated fibres. As it is seen in Figure 3, undyed/dyed-Coolmax and Thermolite fabrics have the highest water loss amount while cotton and acrylic have the lowest amount. This result indicates that Coolmax and Thermolite fabrics absorb more water and also dry more quickly compared to cotton and acrylic fabrics. Special fibre structure and also higher air permeability values might lead to evaporate the water so quickly. From Figure 4, water is lost from the fabrics obtained from Coolmax, Thermolite and bamboo fibres more than that of the acrylic and cotton fabrics after 30 and 45 minutes. Especially, dyed-Coolmax and undyed- Thermolite can remove more than the half of the absorbed water after the first 30 minutes. Therefore, the wearer can not be disturbed due to wet clothing. On the other hand, the drying time of Coolmax and Thermolite fabrics is about an hour and they dried later than the cotton fabric. However, Coolmax and Thermolite absorb more water and drying time is a bit longer than the ...
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... to Table 2, undyed/dyed Coolmax fabrics have the highest water vapour permeability values while bamboo, wool and cotton fabrics have the lowest ones. Physical channels on the fibre surface of Coolmax may give rise to higher water vapour permeability. On the other hand, the fibre structure having micro spaces or hollow core can not affect the water vapour permeability. Water absorption amounts of the fabrics were determined according to the Equation 1 and given in Figure 2. As it is seen in Figure 2, undyed-Coolmax fabric has the highest water absorption amount while the wool fabric has the lowest amount in comparison with that of all the fabrics. On the other hand, dyed-Coolmax and undyed/dyed-Thermolite have statistically similar values and their values follow that of the undyed-Coolmax fabric. The results show that the fabrics produced from new generated fibres such as Coolmax and Thermolite have better water absorption ability compared to that of the fabrics obtained from the natural and regenerated fibres due to their fibre structure. The specially designed fibre structure consisting of four or six channels of Coolmax fibers and hollow-core of Thermolite fibres increase the surface area and so water absorption, in another words moisture/sweat absorption improves (4-5). Similar structure which is defined as micro spaces of bamboo fibre gives rise to higher water absorption than that of the cotton and also wool. Contrary to the expectations, the fabrics obtained from natural fibres such as cotton, wool can take up the water with lower amount compared to the fabrics produced from new generated fibres. As it is seen in Figure 3, undyed/dyed-Coolmax and Thermolite fabrics have the highest water loss amount while cotton and acrylic have the lowest amount. This result indicates that Coolmax and Thermolite fabrics absorb more water and also dry more quickly compared to cotton and acrylic fabrics. Special fibre structure and also higher air permeability values might lead to evaporate the water so quickly. From Figure 4, water is lost from the fabrics obtained from Coolmax, Thermolite and bamboo fibres more than that of the acrylic and cotton fabrics after 30 and 45 minutes. Especially, dyed-Coolmax and undyed- Thermolite can remove more than the half of the absorbed water after the first 30 minutes. Therefore, the wearer can not be disturbed due to wet clothing. On the other hand, the drying time of Coolmax and Thermolite fabrics is about an hour and they dried later than the cotton fabric. However, Coolmax and Thermolite absorb more water and drying time is a bit longer than the ...
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... After four experiments, the average value was calculated. Water absorption in under 5 s indicates wax removal and consequently good scouring (Sennur 2010). ...
The textile industries of Bangladesh contribute significantly to the country’s economy, accounting for more than 40% of total annual export. The quest of new technologies for efficient water and energy use in cotton knit dyeing could result in significant water savings and improve environmental sustainability. Textile wet processing consumes a lot of utilities (water and energy), and the water generates a lot of waste, which enhances chemical consumption and effluent management costs. The cotton knit fabric used in this study was pretreated and dyed utilizing ultrasonication at a lower temperature than conventional pretreatment and dyeing techniques in an attempt to establish ecofriendly wet processing in the textile industry. The bath chemicals were reused up to two times before dyeing in conventional techniques, and fabric properties such as whiteness index, weight loss, bursting strength, color fastness to light, washing, perspiration, rubbing, color strength and durability, or dimensional stability were evaluated and compared with the values obtained by conventional techniques. The color matching of reactive dyed fabric for ultrasonic pretreated fabric with and without reusing bath chemicals was determined. The sonicated scoured and bleached fabric’s whiteness index was found to be acceptable, with relatively low weight loss; however, the bursting strength was found to be increased. Color fastness to light, washing, perspiration, and rubbing were found to be comparable to the conventional technique for low temperature ultrasonicated pretreated and reuse-1 pretreated dyed knit fabric. The results also revealed that there was no color degradation during ultrasonication. FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed no significant changes in the chemical composition of cellulose or the fabric shape of pretreated and dyed cotton knit fabric after ultrasonication.
... Tencel is also known as Lyocell. [10] Lyocell fiber can be used in a less contaminant spinning process than the conventional viscose fiber due to the exclusive orientation of the crystalline arrangement of its cellulose units in the longitudinal axis of the fiber. [11,12] In the raw state, a smooth surface and a round cross-section, high luster can be found in this fiber. ...
The blending of natural fibers with synthetics fibers has been tremendously increased to minimize the poor quality and the cost of the fiber around the world. A comparison on the characteristics of 100% cotton yarn, cotton-Tencel blended yarn with 80:20, 70:30, 50:50 ratios, and 100% Tencel yarn of 12 Ne ring yarn with varying percentages of Tencel was studied in this research. 100% cotton yarn has shown greater unevenness, CVm, thick places, thin places, neps, and imperfection index than cotton-Tencel blended yarn but in the matter of count strength product, 100% cotton fiber has shown low-grade result compare to blend yarn. Among the blended yarn, 50/50 yarn has shown the best quality. The quality of the cotton-Tencel blended yarn was enhanced while the Tencel fiber ratio percentage has risen. The reasons are directly ascribed to the characteristics of Tencel fiber such as its longer fiber length, higher length uniformity, no neps, and fewer strength characteristics. The research shows that the blending of Tencel fiber has significant effects on the blended yarn properties. Spinning mills can use this result for their production of blended ring-spun yarn.
... Company that uses N-methyl-morphine-N-oxide (NMMO) that is used to dissolve cellulose. The generic name for Tencel is Lyocell [1]. The versatility of this fiber produces outstanding fabrics for both men's and women's casual and tailored wear, as well as women lingerie. ...
... In the wet state, Lyocell keeps 85% of its dry strength and is the only man-made cellulosic fiber which is stronger than cotton at the wet state. Also, enormous differences exist between Lyocell and cotton in both thermal transmission and vapor permeability [1,5]. Lyocell fibers absorb moisture and have a high modulus that causes small shrinkage in water. ...
... Like all cellulose fibers, Lyocell fiber absorbs water perfectly and gives hygienic properties to textile products. Tencel fabrics and garments exhibit superior stability when washed [1,5,6]. Additionally, fabrics in Tencel are characterized by their silky handle, distinctive drape and fluidity. ...
The requirements in terms of wearing comfort with sportswear, underwear and outerwear are widely linked to the use of new fibers. Today, Tencel fiber is one of the most important developments in regenerated cellulosic fiber. However, the relation between Tencel fiber properties and fabric characteristics has not been enough studied in the literature especially the influence of fiber materials on mechanical, Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) and absorption properties. Therefore, in this study, knitted fabric samples were manufactured with eight different yarns with two fabric types (single jersey and single jersey with Lycra). 30/1-Ne yarns from natural and regenerated cellulosic fibers: 50% Tencel-LF/50% cotton, 67% Tencel-LF/33% cotton, 67% Tencel-STD/33% cotton, 70% bamboo/30% cotton, 100% bamboo, 100% Modal, 100% Micro-Modal and 100% cotton were employed. Then, all the produced fabrics were subjected to five cycles laundering and then flat dried. The results show that 67% Tencel-LF/33% cotton has more flexural rigidity and withdrawing handle force than 67% Tencel-STD/33% cotton fabric, while 67% Tencel-STD/33% cotton has a merit of durability during bursting test. Blending Egyptian cotton fibers with bamboo and Tencel as in 70/30% bamboo/cotton and 50/50% Tencel-LF/cotton improve UPF of the produced fabric.
... Researchers observed that raw material type, yarn structure , fabric structure and process parameters are the decisive factors affecting comfort of knitted fabrics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Majumdar et al. [3], Onofrei [6], Alay and Yilmaz [8], Ciukas and Abramaviciute [9], Ciukas et al. [10], Kotb et al. [11], Marmarali et al. [12], Skenderi et al. [13] and Wilbik-Haglas et al. [14] concluded through experimental studies that raw material type is one of the decisive factors controlling comfort properties like air permeability, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance and thermal absorptivity . Various studies also inferred the effect of yarn structure on comfort of knitted fabrics [6, 7, 9]. ...
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... The demands from textile structures have changed due to the developments in textile technology along with the rise of living standards. Today, textile structures are expected to have improved protection against hot and cold weather, wind, rain, UV radiation and microbial growth, depending on use [1]. Clothing comfort, which can be defined as " a pleasant state of psychological and physical harmony between a human being and the environment " [2], is seen especially as an important property. ...
Engineered yarns are used to provide better clothing comfort for summer garments because of their high levels of moisture and water vapor management. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of knitted structures that were produced using different types of polyester yarns in order to achieve better thermal comfort properties for summer clothing. However they are relatively expensive. Therefore, in this study engineered polyester yarns were combined with cotton and lyocell yarns by plying. This way, the pronounced characteristics of these yarns were added to the knitted structure as well. Channeled polyester, hollow polyester, channeled/hollow blended polyester, cotton, and lyocell yarns were plied with each other and themselves. Then, single jersey structures were knitted using these ply yarn combinations and air permeability, thermal resistance, thermal absorptivity, water vapor permeability, moisture management, and drying properties were tested. The results indicate that channeled PES fabrics are advantageous for hot climates and high physical activities with regards to high permeability and moisture transfer and also to fast drying properties. Besides, air permeability and thermal properties improved through the combination of lyocell yarn with engineered polyester yarns. However, the use of lyocell or cotton with engineered yarns resulted in a to a decrease in moisture management properties and an increase in drying times. © 2014, Association Nonwoven Fabrics Industry. All rights reserved.
... Bamboo -based fabrics have low amount of pilling accumulation and creasing. Bamboo/cotton blend knitted fabrics have the lowest bursting strength and best pilling grade than Bamboo/viscose and Bamboo/Modal blend knitted fabrics [Sekerden 2011, Gun et al. 2008and Alay 2010. Nevertheless, Wang (2007) investigated the poor antipilling performance of bamboo pulp knitted fabrics where he applied anti-pilling finishing process of bamboo pulp knitted fabrics using cellulose treatment. ...
This study investigated the effect of bamboo fiber, which has recently begun to be commonly used in textiles, on some physical properties of knitted fabrics. In order to investigate the difference, the results are compared to that of similar fabrics produced from 100% viscose, 100% cotton and 100% mercerized cotton yarns. Every fabric type was knitted with three levels of loop length and two levels of fabric structure. At the end, fabrics were wet processing and followed the same finishing line. For the measured properties of fabrics, the fabric bursting strength, abrasion resistance, pilling, drapability, color difference and fabric shrinkage were evaluated. The results show that all the studied properties are dependent on the fiber type, fabric tightness, while, fabric structure had a significant effect on all the studied properties except the fabric pilling grade and color difference. Major findings were that cotton and mercerized cotton knits have better bursting strength and length dimensional stability than knits containing only bamboo or viscose fibers. Knitted fabrics from bamboo yarns tend to pill less and have better drapability. Bamboo knits exhibited superior dyeing absorption and aesthetic level. Single pique knitted fabric structure was found to result in less bursting strength than plain single jersey structure.
Bangladesh's cotton knit industries contribute significantly to the country's economy, accounting for more than 40% of total annual export. Efficient water use in knit dyeing might result in considerable water savings and environmental sustainability. Textile wet processing consumes a lot of energy (water, gas, and electricity), generates a lot of waste, and has significant chemical costs. The cotton knit fabric used in this study was pretreated and dyed utilizing ultrasonication at a lower temperature than conventional pretreatment and dyeing techniques in an attempt to establish ecofriendly wet processing in the textile industry. For pretreatment and dyeing, bath chemicals were reused 1–3 times, and several fabric attributes including whiteness index, weight loss (%), bursting strength, color fastness to light, washing, perspiration, and rubbing were tested and compared to the traditional method. By dying with reactive dyes, the feasibility of color matching using ultrasonic aided pretreated fabric with and without reusing bath chemicals was determined. The whiteness index of the low temperature sonicated scoured and bleached fabric was found to be acceptable, with relatively low weight loss; nevertheless, the bursting strength was found to be enhanced. Color fastness to light, washing, perspiration, and rubbing of ultrasonicated dyed knitted fabric at lower temperatures than conventional techniques were found to be comparable, showing that there was no color deterioration during ultrasonication. FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed no significant changes in the chemical composition of cellulose or the fabric shape of pretreated and dyed cotton knit fabric after ultrasonication.
Nowadays, the polyurethane and its derivatives are highly applied as a surface modification material onto the textile substrates in different forms to enhance the functional properties of the textile materials. The primary purpose of this study is to develop prediction models to model the absorption property of the textile substrate using the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methods. In this study, polyurethane (PU) along with acrylic binder was applied on the dyed polyester knitted fabric to develop and validate the prediction models. Through the morphological study, it was evident that the solution prepared with the polyurethane and the acrylic binder was effectively coated onto the fabric surface. The ANFIS model was constructed by considering binder (ml) and PU (%) as input parameters, whereas absorbency (%) was the only output parameter. On the other hand, the system was trained with 70% data for constructing the ANN model whereas testing and validation were done with 15% data, respectively. To train the network, feed-forward backpropagation with Levenberg–Marquardt learning algorithm was used. The coefficient of determination (R²) was found to be 0.98 and 0.93 for ANFIS and ANN model, respectively. Both prediction models exhibited an excellent mean absolute error percentage (0.76% for the ANFIS model and 1.18% for the ANN model). Furthermore, an outstanding root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.61% and 1.28% for ANFIS and ANN models was observed. These results suggested an excellent performance of the developed models to predict the absorption property of the polyurethane and acrylic binder treated fabric. Besides, these models can be taken as a basis to develop prediction models for specific types of functional applications of the textile materials to eliminate heaps of trial and error efforts of the textile industries, which eventually be helpful in the scalable production of functional textiles.
Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer. It has a high industrial value for many applications including as textile fibres. Regenerated cellulose fibres (RCF) have the potential to couple versatility with safety, comfort, renewability and biodegradability, which can lead to production of green textile products with superior performance. This chapter focuses on regenerated cellulose fibres and presents an overview of two established industrial processes of RCF production, namely rayon and lyocell and Ioncell, an emerging process of RCF production. General properties of RCF obtained from different processes are discussed and compared. Finally, various methods of improvement of RCF production processes as well as RCF products are also presented and discussed.
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