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The article describes the first record of biting as an intraspecific behaviour of a male Common European Adder (Vipera berus) during courtship and mating. In venomous snakes this behaviour is rather rare and in Vipera berus this is the first time it has been observed in the wild. This behaviour is compared to similar observations in snakes and pote...
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... At the interface of biodiversity and health, health-threatening animals, such as venomous snakes, are expanding their distribution to higher altitudes as perceived by the IDI participants in our study and as demonstrated by previous studies conducted in Nepal [80,81]. Another health threat to humans is the altitudinal expansion of vector-borne diseases (e.g., malaria and dengue) throughout the entire HKH region [14]. ...
The Hindu Kush Himalayan region is a global hotspot for climate change and highly vulnerable to its direct and indirect impacts. Understanding people’s perception of climate change is crucial for effective adaptation strategies. We conducted a study by using quantitative (Household survey, n = 660) and qualitative data collection tools (Focus group discussion, n = 12; In-depth interviews, n = 27) in central Nepal encompassing three altitudinal regions: Lowland (<1000 m amsl; Terai region), Midland (1000–1500 m amsl; hilly region) and Highland (1500–2100 m amsl; mountainous region). We analyzed 37 years (1981–2017) of climatic data from respective districts (Lowland: Chitwan, Dhading; Midland: Kathmandu, Lalitpur; Highland: Nuwakot, Rasuwa). People’s perception was compared with climate extreme indices measured along these regions and evaluated if they accurately recognized the impacts on the environment and human health. Our findings show significant climate changes, including rising summer temperature, region-specific winter temperatures and extended monsoon seasons in Nepal. Participants in our study accurately perceived these trends but misperceived heavy precipitation patterns. Reported impacts are rise in crop diseases, human diseases, vector expansion and climate induced disasters like floods, landslides, and water resource depletion, with perception accuracy varying by region. These insights highlight the importance of understanding regional and cross-regional perceptions in relation to climate data in order to develop tailored climate adaptation strategies. Policymakers can use this information to establish region-specific educational and communication initiatives, addressing communities’ distinctive vulnerabilities and needs across diverse landscapes. Such approaches can enhance equitable and effective climate resilience in subtropical to alpine regions.
... This species occurs in both lowland and montane open tropical forest, agricultural areas, and is also found near residential areas (Sharma et al. 2013). It is venomous snake that may represent a conflict with humans, as it occurs near populated areas. ...
This species is endemic to the Himalayan belt of Nepal, Bhutan, India, and China (the extent of occurrence is >22,000 km2) and it likely occurs in more than ten locations based on the main threats affecting its population. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. However, there is a high rate of road kills throughout its range, and is persecuted when encountered, which is likely causing a reduction in the population. Research is needed to estimate population size and trends and the impact that these threats have on this
species' population as it may qualify for a threatened category when more data becomes available.
... This species occurs in both lowland and montane open tropical forest, agricultural areas, and is also found near residential areas (Sharma et al. 2013). It is venomous snake that may represent a conflict with humans, as it occurs near populated areas. ...
... This species occurs in both lowland and montane open tropical forest, agricultural areas, and is also found near residential areas (Sharma et al. 2013). It is venomous snake that may represent a conflict with humans, as it occurs near populated areas. ...
This is a rare species that is only occasionally collected. However, it covers a wide geographic range from Nepal to Yunnan province in China, including Bhutan and northern Myanmar. Although it is likely used by people, due to its apparent rarity compared with other members of this genus, levels of exploitation are likely to below, and threats to its forest habitat localized. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.
... Snakebite, with an estimated 20,000 snakebites annually, is a major public health issue in Nepal. 1 Pit viper envenoming is common in the hilly and the Himalayan region and produces cytotoxic and hemotoxic effects. 2 The only specific antidote of snakebite envenoming is antivenom. The polyvalent antivenom produced against "big four" in India is imported to Nepal and contains no naturalizing antibodies against pit viper venom. ...
... Envenoming due to Russell's viper is scarce, and saw-scaled vipers are not reported from Nepal. 2,4 Green pit vipers and mountain pit vipers are widely distributed and frequently encountered venomous snake species in the hills and mountains of Nepal. 2 Most of the snakebites that had been presented to our hospital emergency belonged to those species of snakes. No antivenom is available to treat pit viper envenoming. ...
... 2,4 Green pit vipers and mountain pit vipers are widely distributed and frequently encountered venomous snake species in the hills and mountains of Nepal. 2 Most of the snakebites that had been presented to our hospital emergency belonged to those species of snakes. No antivenom is available to treat pit viper envenoming. ...
Pit viper envenoming is common in the hilly and the Himalayan regions of Nepal. Antivenom present in Nepal is unlikely to neutralize the venom of these pit vipers, although it has been used often by the healthcare providers in the clinical practice. Here, we report 15 cases of snakebite with a deranged coagulation profile. All patients recovered from envenoming on conservative management and without the administration of antivenom.
