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... W3C Web of Things WG presented a few use cases of servients including one about a connected car 7 as visible in Figure 2, with WoT-based services running in the back- end of the connected car. In this use case, after a discovery phase of car components through a connection gateway, the WoT servient collects data pushed from car components and allows services to access car components through its WoT interface. The collection and analysis is deployed to a fleet of cars to determine traffic patterns. This example shows the main benefit of WoT for the auto- motive domain: it allows the decorrelation from automotive standard for car data -and therefore allows developers who are not automotive experts to use WoT interaction patterns with vehicles as Web Things. It also enables the collection and analysis of sensor data coming from vehicles of different models and brands. We are using WoT in our research to benefit from WoT interactions and be able to combine them in a common web ...
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Internet of Things (IoT) is expressed by heterogeneous technologies at the system level in various application domains. It proposes the ability to connect billions of resources, devices and things with each other on the Internet. The formed data and devices are mainly applied to design area-centric Internet of Things (IoT) applications. These appli...
Citations
... While there have been attempts to define ontologies and vocabularies for vehicular data, the definitions do not adequately represent all the available IoV data [67], [68]. Therefore, the ontologies still require extensions to comprehensively define the sensors, actuators, and signals available in IoV [69]. Also, lightweight ontologies can facilitate the annotation of data with the necessary information that would not overwhelm vehicular resources [70]. ...
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is an active area for innovation and an essential tool in achieving smart cities through the integration of vehicles with the Internet of Things (IoT). IoV is a distributed network that aids in handling the data generated by vehicular sensors and vehicle-to-everything communication (V2X), thus enabling novel applications such as autonomous driving and platooning while increasing safety and energy efficiency. In IoV, the sensors and the interdependent devices relay critical information for the efficient implementation of real-time applications in the ecosystem. Despite all these advancements, a vital challenge is establishing smooth communication among interconnected devices, concretely, interoperability in the IoV—a deceptively simple notion that is not yet fully addressed to achieve a fully integrated ecosystem. This is mainly because the networked domains, such as home, grid, and health care, are developed in silos, operating independently with diverse processes and protocols. Hence, seamless exchange of information is yet to be achieved across the ecosystem, hindering the maximization of the full promise of IoV. In this paper, we provide an in-depth analysis of the present state of interoperability and comprehensively survey the challenges in IoV. We present a taxonomy of interoperability approaches, review solutions that prior work have proposed, and provide insights on how to address the current challenges. Finally, we identify open problems that persist and future directions for research.
... These systems grow in complexity and autonomy, requiring a uniform way to understand each other and exchange information. In the paper [80] the authors use semantic technologies for enriching signal data in the automotive industry, specifically, they provide two main contributions: an ontology for standardize data definition for vehicle signals; the design and implementation of a W3C (Car) WT with a specific protocol binding with the LwM2M protocol. Industry 4.0 is an evolution of traditional industry that aims to automate classic production practices using modern smart technologies, many of them related to big-data and the IoT. ...
The Web of Things (WoT) paradigm was proposed first in the late 2000s, with the idea of leveraging Web standards to interconnect all types of embedded devices. More than ten years later, the fragmentation of the IoT landscape has dramatically increased as a consequence of the exponential growth of connected devices, making interoperability one of the key issues for most IoT deployments. Contextually, many studies have demonstrated the applicability of Web technologies on IoT scenarios, while the joint efforts from the academia and the industry have led to the proposals of standard specifications for developing WoT systems. Through a systematic review of the literature, we provide a detailed illustration of the WoT paradigm for both researchers and newcomers, by reconstructing the temporal evolution of key concepts and the historical trends, providing an in-depth taxonomy of software architectures and enabling technologies of WoT deployments and, finally, discussing the maturity of WoT vertical markets. Moreover, we identify some future research directions that may open the way to further innovation on WoT systems.
... In addition, the W3C community gave concreteness to the WoT architecture by releasing the Node-wot framework [14] that implements a reference WoT Servient, and allows programmers to build WoT applications in Javascript. Despite the freshness of the standard, several WoT deployments have been proposed in the literature based on the Node-wot framework, from smart building [15] to automotive industry [16]. At the same time, we believe that the success of the W3C WoT initiative strongly depends on its widespread usage, and hence on the availability of a capillar software ecosystem of supporting tools. ...
... In the second category, researches take advantage of the W3C WoT to propose new kind of interoperable systems or applications built upon Web Things. This is the case of [15], where authors propose a Building Energy Management System (BEMS) to enable the universal integration of both private and public systems through the W3C WoT, or the case of [16] where authors present the Vehicle Signal ontology (VSSo) -based on SOSA/SSN Observations and Actuation -to be used in conjunction with the W3C WoT for semantically describing a smart vehicle. ...
The chaotic growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) determined a fragmented landscape with a huge number of devices, technologies and platforms available on the market, and consequential issues of interoperability on many system deployments. The recent W3C Web of Things (WoT) standards aimed to ease the deployment of heterogeneous systems by introducing uniform and well-defined software interfaces among the systems’ components. Although the WoT reference architecture is generic and agnostic to the target devices, its widespread adoption depends on the availability of specific tools named Servients, which enable the run-time operations of WoT applications. In this paper we aim at contributing to the adoption of the W3C WoT standards by presenting WoT Micro-Servient (WMS), a framework for bringing the WoT paradigm to the extreme edge of an IoT environment. Through WMS, developers can design, compile and install WoT applications on micro-controllers and embedded systems with constrained hardware capabilities. We describe the architecture and functionalities of the tool, and demonstrate its effectiveness in terms of reduced latency and energy consumption compared to the state-of-art proxy-based solution enabled by Node-wot, i.e. the official implementation of W3C WoT. Finally, we discuss a real-world application related to smart home, where WMS is used to enable a WoT-based remote monitoring and control of indoor plants, by enabling seamless integration between micro-controllers and mobile devices.
... This study uses the architecture presented in Fig. 3 to examine various layers of the WoT architecture and explain their purpose [23][24][25]. We present layers 1 to 4, which provide the tools for systems using WoT technology to fully integrate all the features of a device. ...
This study proposes a Web platform, the Web of Things (WoT), whose Internet of Things (IoT) architecture is used to develop the technology behind a new standard Web platform. When a remote sensor passes data to a microcontroller for processing, the protocol is often not known. This study proposes a WoT platform that enables the use of a browser in a mobile device to control a remote hardware device. An optimized code is written using an artificial intelligencebased algorithm in a microcontroller. Digital data convergence technology is adopted to process the packets of different protocols and place them on the Web platform for access by other mobile devices. The platform has high efficiency and cross-platform advantages, with no limitation on the operating system. Message queueing telemetry transport (MQTT) technology is used to simplify the original HTTP protocol. Assume that the mobile device is a subscriber, i.e., the controller, and a microcontroller that connects the sensing device is the publisher. The publishers and subscribers of MQTT need not know each other if they share a message broker. The intermediate agent role is much like a router. Publishers and subscribers do not need to interact, and publishers do not have to wait for subscriber confirmation to cause interactive permission be locked. Nor must publishers and subscribers be online at the same time, and they are free to choose when to get messages. The proposed WoT method is compared with the traditional IoT method regarding data transfer. The results show that the proposed method can save time in processing large amounts of data, as the traditional IoT method wastes time, especially in data format transfer.
... Albeit the focus of the W3C is on the abstract architecture, a reference implementation of the WoT Servient has made available for the JavaScript (JS) language [19]. Given the novelty of the standard, few WoT works have been proposed so far, e.g. for automotion [20] or indoor monitoring [12]. However, these examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the W3C WoT to support interoperability in IoT environments characterized by the heterogeneity of sensing technologies, as it might likely occur in SHM scenarios. ...
Recent Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems might take advantage of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies for fine-grained and autonomic sensors data management and processing. Moreover, current SHM deployments often demand for the installation of multi-type and heterogeneous sensor devices capable to perform long-term measurements; from here, the need for dedicated software platforms allowing for scalability and interoperability requirements arises. In this paper, we jointly address the two issues above by proposing MODRON, which is a SHM-dedicated IoT platform with sensor-to-cloud support. The software architecture leverages the W3C Web of Things (WoT) standard for multi-source sensors data acquisition and fusion. The platform includes an edge component, implementing the communication with the monitoring layer and the data exposition through WoT Web Things (WTs), and a cloud component, embedding sensor/WT management capabilities, which is in charge of distributed data storage, aggregation, visualization and analytics. We illustrate the abstract MODRON architecture and its current implementation that supports two different SHM sensor types (MEMS accelerometers and piezoelectric devices). In addition, we describe the system operations on a real-world SHM system, i.e. the monitoring of a metallic structure instrumented with multiple sensor networks.
... Among the various ontologies to which we referred, we considered those made available by the Automotive Ontology Community Group 7 , the W3C working group, shown in figure 10, and by the Toyota Computational Intelligence Laboratory 8 , shown in figure 11. Other reference Ontologies taken into consideration are those present in research in (Syzdykbayev et al. 2019) (Klotz and Datta 2018) . Once the context was identified, it was necessary to define the ontology of purpose in order to identify what the characteristics of the system must be and the identification of the parameters to be monitored. ...
Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm where the virtual world of
information and communication technology is tightly integrated with the real
world of things. The explosion of this paradigm in recent years has had a very
strong impact on the world of research and industry. Today is possible to see
a real technological and cultural revolution where “objects”, made intelligent
and able to understand world through a series of sensors, are able to interact
with each other and provide a series of solutions unthinkable until few years
ago. These objects are a set of all computing devices interconnected each other
that collect and exchange data. IoT has been identified as one of the emerging
technologies in IT and it interconnects and integrates large numbers of digital
and physical entities by capability of appropriate information and
communication technologies, to enable the building of enormous useful and
unimaginable services and applications. The expression "Internet of things"
was coined in 1999 by Kevin Ashton. At the beginning the identification of
each object took place through tiny radiofrequency transponders, or through
barcodes or two-dimensional codes impressed on the objects. Today these
objects are real nodes of the internet network with a more powerful
computational capacity. In fact, it can be possible to see a transformation of
the IoT paradigm that from Fog Computing is slowly turning into Edge
Computing, where part of the processing is delegated to the nodes of the
network instead of concentrating it all in only parts of the IoT architecture. All
these new solutions have made the entire IoT world very attractive for a new
frontiers and solutions. In fact, IoT applications are various and brought to
several areas: Health Care, Mobile Application, Transportation, Smart Cities,
Smart Home, Energy Management and many others. Automotive is one of the
most interesting applications for IoT. Today the cars are connected to the
internet and are considered as a smart object of IoT thanks to the capability to
send and receive data from network. One of the most challenge in automotive
today is to make secure and reliable the vehicle. Just think about all connected
instruments on a car such as infotainment system and/or data interchange
systems. In fact, the connected cars show many vulnerabilities and are not
conform to the policies defined in the CIA Model (confidentiality, integrity
and availability). On the other hand, the advantages related to cars connected are very useful for implementing new innovative scenarios providing, for
example, context and situation awareness in some operative scenarios. The
main problem relies in the introduction of effective techniques that works in
well-known framework (PC, Smartphone, ...) in a real challenging
environment as the automotive. In this scenario, the main parameter to
consider is that of the quick ability to identify and react a possible attack. So,
in this thesis, an embedded Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for Automotive
is introduced. It works adopting a two steps algorithm that provide a detection
of possible cyber-attack in a particular moment. In the first step the
methodology provides to a first step that filter all the messages on the
Controller Area Network (CAN-Bus) thanks to the use of a preset masks and
then if a set of messages are possible malicious these are analyzed by a
Bayesian Network, which gives the probability that a given event can be
classified as an attack. The proposed approach starts from the ontological
analysis of the reference domain, which gives us the view of what are the
parameters to be monitored and the associated constraints. Subsequently, an
experimental dataset was created in a simulated environment (CARLA),
keeping in mind the characterizing parameters for an attack. Starting from the
obtained dataset, a Bayesian network was generated which was then
subsequently improved through the constraints obtained from the domain
ontology. Finally, an experimental campaign was conducted to evaluate the
efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed methodology in terms of
precision, recall and F1-Score. The first experimental results, obtained in a
real scenario, seems to be really interesting.
... [15] [16]) provide several low-level functionalities for the Thing modeling and creation; however, their usage requires a solid knowledge of the WoT standard and coding skill, hence they are not easily accessible from the non technical personnel. The literature on WoT is quite scarce, and mainly limited to proof-of-concept applications [17] [18] [19] [20]. Hence, we register the need of service tools (the so-called Software Ecosystem (SECO) [21]) that can facilitate the adoption of the W3C WoT technology on existing and novel IoT scenarios. ...
... A demo showing the possibility to query a W3C WoT sensor device from a mobile phone is sketched in [17]. In [18], an interesting application of the W3C WoT architecture to the automotive industry is described; more specifically, the authors illustrate how to describe the car data with a semantic ontology, and how to make them available to external applications through the W3C WoT interaction patterns. Security risks and vulnerabilities presented by the WoT metadata are discussed in [19]. ...
The chaotic growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) determined a fragmented landscape with a huge number of devices, technologies and platforms available on the market, and the consequential issues of interoperability on many system deployments. The Web of Things (WoT) architecture recently proposed by the W3C consortium constitutes a novel solution to enable interoperability across IoT platforms and application domains. At the same time, in order to see an effective improvement, a wide adoption of the W3C WoT solutions from the academic and industrial communities is required; this translates into the need of well-defined and complete support tools easing the deployment of W3C WoT applications. In this paper, we meet such requirement by proposing the WoT Store, a novel platform for managing and easing the deployment of Things and applications on the W3C WoT. The WoT Store allows the dynamic discovery of the resources available in the environment, i.e. the Things, and to interact with each of them through a dashboard, by visualizing their properties, executing commands or observing the notifications produced. In addition, similar to popular app stores, the WoT Store allows the search and execution of third-party WoT applications that interact with the available Things again in a seamless way. We validate the operations of our framework with two evaluation studies. First, through a small-case testbed, we demonstrate the Thing discovery and the possibility to run WoT applications that orchestrate the operations of multiple, heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Second, through a mixed real/simulated large-scale crowdsensing scenario, we demonstrate the scalability of the platform, and the possibility to aggregate and visualize the data-streams produced by the WoT applications with minimal efforts for the users.
... Web UI [8] ...
We propose a car signal ontology named VSSo that provides a formal definition of the numerous sensors embedded in car regardless of the vehicle model and brand, re-using the work made by the GENIVI alliance with the Vehicle Signal Specification (VSS). We observe that recent progress in machine learning enables to predict a number of useful information using the car signals and environmental factors such as the emotion of the driver or the detection of dangerous situation on the road. However, there is a lack of a central modeling pattern for describing the dynamic situation of a vehicle, its driver and passengers, moving in an evolving environment. We propose a driving context ontology relying on a patterns composed of events and states to glue together automotive-related vocabularies.
Buildings are the largest energy consumers in Europe and are responsible for approximately 40% of EU energy consumption and 36% of the greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. Two-thirds of the building consumption is for residential buildings. To achieve energy efficiency, buildings are being integrated with IoT devices through the use of smart IoT services. For instance, a smart space heating service reduces energy consumption by dynamically heating apartments based on indoor and outdoor temperatures. The W3C recommends the use of the Web of Things (WoT) standard to enable IoT interoperability on the Web. However, in the context of a smart building, the ability to search and discover building metadata and IoT devices available in the WoT ecosystems remains a challenge due to the limitation of the current WoT Discovery, which only includes a directory containing only IoT devices metadata without including building metadata. Integrating the IoT device's metadata with building metadata in the same directory can provide better discovery capabilities to the IoT services providers. In this paper, we integrate building metadata into the W3C WoT Discovery through the construction of a Building Description JSON-LD file. This Building Description is integrated into the W3C WoT Discovery and based on the domOS Common Ontology (dCO) to achieve semantic interoperability in smart residential buildings for the WoT IoT ecosystem within the Horizon 2020 domOS project. This integration results in a Thing and Building Description Directory. dCO integrates the SAREF core ontology with the Thing Description ontology, devices, and building metadata. We have implemented and validated the WoT discovery on top of a WoT Thing and Building Description Directory. The WoT Discovery implementation is also made available for the WoT community.
There are billions of devices worldwide deployed, connected, and communicating to other systems. Sensors and actuators, which can be stationary or movable devices. These Edge devices are considered part of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices, which can be referred to as a tier of the Computing Continuum paradigm. There are two main concerns at stake in the success of this ecosystem. The interoperability between devices and systems is the first. Mainly, because most of them communicate uniquely and differently from each other, leading to heterogeneous data. The second issue is the lack of decision-making capacity to conduct actuations, such as communicating through different computing tiers based on latency constraints due to a certain measured factor. In this article, we propose an ontology to improve device interoperability in the IoT. In addition, we also explain how to ease data communication between Computing Continuum devices, providing tools to enhance data management and decision-making. A use case is also presented, using the automotive industry, where quickness in maneuver determination is key to avoid accidents. It is exemplified using two Raspberry Pi devices, connected using different networks and choosing the appropriate one depending on context-aware conditions.
