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... results indicate that there is negative relationship 13 between population size and economic vulnerability, as measured by the variables described above. Table 1 shows the vulnerability scores classified by population size, where it is clear that smaller countries tend to have higher vulnerability scores than larger ones. This tendency is true for developed as well as for developing countries. ...
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... This approach of selecting weights ensures that large variation in any of the indicators did not unduly dominate the contribution of the rest of the indicators and distort interregional comparisons. The vulnerability index was determined such that it lies between 0 and 4, with 4 representing highest resilience and less than 1 corresponding to least resilience (Briguglio, 2003). For classificatory purpose of characterizing the different stages of vulnerability, a fractile classification of the States from an assumed probability distribution is needed based on the indices constructed. ...
The study examined the determinants of Vulnerability to Climate Change among yam farmers in Benue and Nasarawa States. The specific objectives were to determine the vulnerability status of yam farmers to Climate Change in the Study Area and examine the determinants of vulnerability of yam farmers to Climate Change in the study area. Primary data was utilized for the study. The vulnerability status of yam farmers was analyzed using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) while the Ordinary least square Technique was used to analyze the determinants of vulnerability in the study area. The study found a CCHVI of 2.4836 for Benue State and -0.7150 for Nasarawa State. Farmers in Nasarawa state were more vulnerable because of a very low adaptive capacity compared to farmers in Benue State. Household size was the major determinant of vulnerability in Benue state with a coefficient of 0.0198 and positively statistically significant at 1% but in Nasarawa state, the major determinants of vulnerability were sex, level of Education and Years of Education with coefficients of -0.3176, -0.2419 and -0.0482 respectively and all negatively statistically significant at 1%. The study recommended the improvement of the adaptive capacity of yam farmers in Nasarawa state through the provision of support facilities such as consumer capital, good feeder roads and weather-based risk insurance and also, Improving the experience of farmers through climate education would be a great catalyst for reduction of vulnerability in the study area
... The UNCTAD scale on merchandise trade can be used to assess export responsiveness. Briguglio and Galea (2003) invented a substitute scale which accommodates services. It is vital to note that in Tanzania, complete utilization of some of the profits given by the global connection like the new worldwide economic retrieval was affected by a number of mechanical problems. ...
Disaster risk is described as “the probable damage of life, injury, or demolished or spoiled properties that might happen to a network, organization, or a communal in a particular time, influenced probabilistically as a role of hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and ability,” while economic recovery program is a means by which a community advances and competently executes its ability to engross an early tremor using extenuation and to counter-react and acclimatize subsequently so as to preserve activities and fasten rehabilitation and again to be in an improved situation to lessen fatalities from upcoming disasters. No organized examination has been endeavored to comprehend disaster economic vulnerability and recovery programs in Tanzania; thus there is knowledge gap in this area. It is for this reason that this section documents and shares knowledge on disaster economic vulnerability and recovery programs using Tanzania as a case under investigation. The development of this section was founded on the hypothetical and ancient work study. To ensure an extensive hypothetical and experiential foundation for this work, desk review has been carried out to gather information from numerous secondary bases. This comprised reports and project papers and registrations. Secondary databases have been gotten from writings regarding disaster, economic vulnerability, and recovery programs. Furthermore the desk review reviewed reputable journals related to the discipline. Finally, the information gathered were scrutinized, polished, and modified to match the requirement of this article. Concepts and frameworks on tragedy economic susceptibility and repossession agendas as well as indices that are used to measure susceptibility and pliability to natural threats are also offered; this is shadowed by econometric model: influences and measures of economic susceptibility. The chapter also illustrates disaster economic vulnerability and retrieval programs experience from Tanzania whereby efforts that have been made so far and economic recovering program, namely, macroeconomic stability, microeconomic market efficiency, governance, and social development, have been presented.
... The representation of regional risk using a systems approach (Holling 2001) has led to the identification of two descriptive categories of this concept: vulnerability and resilience, where risk is positively and negatively correlated (Graziano 2013). Recent studies on economic vulnerability show that countries' vulnerability in some economic characteristics is related to the degree of economic openness (Farrugia 2004), export concentration (Briguglio 1997) and dependence on strategic imports (Briguglio & Galea 2003). ...
... Based on the study, the following areas with depressed and vulnerable settlements were identified: (1) in the Mangistau region: Karakiya, Beineu districts, and the city of Zhanaozen; (2) in the Atyrau region: Makhambetsky, Isataisky, Kzylkoginsky, Indersky and Makatsky, Kulsary; (3) in the West Kazakhstan region: Taskalinsky, Chirlatausky, Karatobinsky, Syrymsky, Zhangalinsky, Bokeyorda, Zhanibeksky and Terektinsky; (4) in the East Kazakhstan region: Abay, Katon-Karagay, Kokpektinsky, Kurchumsky districts, Ridder and Semey cities; (5) North-Kazakhstan region: Akzhar, Mamlyut, Shal Akyn, Ualikhanov districts, Sergeevka and Mamlyutka; (6) in the Zhambyl region: Sarysu, Talas, Moyinkum, Zhambyl districts, Zhanatas and Karatau. Socio-economic problems, lack of resources, low level of industrial production and lack of state support have led the listed settlements to vulnerability and depression. ...
In Kazakhstan, there is an urgent need to develop depressed settlements, which have their own characteristics associated with the historically established heterogeneity of the location of industries and deep differentiation in terms of socio-economic potential. Urban agglomerations, city centers, regions with raw material extractive industries, whose products are in demand on the global market, have best adapted to a market economy. As a result, many settlements in Kazakhstan turned out to be, as a rule, less developed and competitive, and even worse socially vulnerable. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed the structure and level of their development, revealed potential vulnerability issues, especially in small communities where there are no resources and materials to manage these consequences. The severity of these shocks will depend on the development of effective measures to address inequalities in strategically important communities. The main purpose of this article is to provide economic mechanisms to overcome the vulnerability of the economy and the social sphere of strategically important settlements in Kazakhstan. Estimated indicators in this study are based on the socio-economic indicator of Zhambyl, North Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan, West Kazakhstan, Atyrau and Mangystau regions for 2009-2020. The results of this study show that there is a significant disparity between settlements in the regions of Kazakhstan in terms of such factors as the level and quality of life. Most of the regional problems faced by the most vulnerable communities are widespread and systemic. Socio-economic problems, lack of resources, low level of industrial production and lack of state support are the main reasons for the vulnerability and depression of the studied settlements.
... Briguglio (1995) later modified this index to include three main components, namely, exposure to external economies, remoteness and insularity and disaster proneness. This was later used in a modified version by Briguglio (1997), Briguglio and Galea (2003), Chander (1996), Wells (1997 and Crowards (1999Crowards ( , 2000. Their results were all identical; small island states are highly vulnerable compared to other countries. ...
The objectives of this study are to measure and analyse the resilience of the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) economies between 2006 and 2015. Our methodology is that of the B2A algorithm and the graph theory. This study highlights two main results: firstly, results from 22 SSA countries show that very few show characteristics of a stable resilience, while most of these countries are still in a condition of uncontrolled vulnerability (or very fragile). Secondly, the South African economies show the highest resilience, though unstable, Central Africa and East Africa economies show a situation of controlled vulnerability, while the West African economies are the most fragile, though heterogeneous. Looking at country specificities, Cameroon, South Africa and Botswana are the only three countries in the sub-region to have maintained a stable situation of resilience. The policy implications of this study engage the SSA countries on the need to further enhance their macroeconomic policies especially policies that improve the contingent dimensions of resilience. These include improvement in political governance, fiscal sustainability and external balances. Policies which are growth driven are encouraged; this will lead to job creation, human development and, as a result, reduction in the social vulnerability. Moreover, natural resource exports revenues should be invested into other economic sectors to support long-term diversification and consequently resilience.
... I was involved in many publications on the vulnerability index, on my own (Briguglio, 1992b(Briguglio, , 1995b(Briguglio, , 1997(Briguglio, , 2014d(Briguglio, , 2016a and with others (Briguglio et al., 2006a(Briguglio et al., , 2009bBriguglio et al., 2003d;Briguglio et al., 1993). The variables used as components of economic vulnerability indices that I constructed relate to trade openness, export concentration, dependence on strategic imports, such as fuel and food, peripherality and proneness to disasters. ...
... According to the results of the analysis, a sound economy will either remain stable or shrink. Briguglio and Galea (2003) and Briguglio et al. (2009) constituted indexes that are more detailed by updating the fragility index in the forthcoming period. Variables of export intensity, export and import dependency added to these indexes. ...
International trade cannot be considered separate from the current financial system in the context of imports and exports. In this context, the impact on international trade should be analyzed under the financial fragility hypothesis. This chapter aims to analyze the effects of financial fragility on Fragile Five and Troubled Ten countries’ economic growth and trade strategies. In this direction, long-term relationships between variables are analyzed by Westerlund panel cointegration tests. According to the result of the panel cointegration tests, there are long-term relationships between exports, imports, gross domestic product, and financial fragility index. After determining the long-term relationships between variables, causality analyses have been carried out to reveal the direction of these relationships. According to Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test results, there are bidirectional causality relationships between financial fragility index and export, import, and gross domestic product.
... Overall, the factors affecting EV and ER can be divided into four main areas based on the theory of economic resilience. To Briguglio et al (2003), these four areas are macroeconomic stability, market efficiency, proper management and supervision, and social development. The issue of financial policy is placed in the realm of macroeconomics, which is the focus of the present study. ...
El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar el papel de las políticas monetarias (MP) en la resiliencia económica (RE) y la vulnerabilidad de Irán para el auge de la producción. Al hacerlo, se utilizaron los datos de Irán para el período 2017-2018. Se utilizó un método generalizado de momentos (GMM) para analizar los datos, y todos los análisis se realizaron con el software Eviews10. Los resultados indican que el PM y la política fiscal han afectado el índice ER de Irán, por lo que se sugiere que el gobierno allane el camino para fortalecer la resiliencia del país mejorando la eficiencia del sistema monetario y financiero del país. Los resultados indicaron que el MP y la política fiscal habían afectado a Irán, por lo que se sugiere que los responsables de la política económica del país intenten diseñar mecanismos de alerta para tomar medidas en la primera oportunidad para resolver la discrepancia en caso de cualquier inconsistencia en las políticas monetarias y fiscales que hacer al país más vulnerable. Finalmente, los resultados indicaron que el PM y la política fiscal habían afectado el índice ER neto de Irán; por lo tanto, se recomienda que los funcionarios monetarios y financieros del país especifiquen índices financieros como el estado presupuestario del gobierno e índices monetarios como la liquidez y tengan en cuenta las consecuencias de estas políticas en la RE neta del país.
... Foreign shocks often easily affect the domestic economy, often due to the open economy and dependence on a limited range of products. The first article on the vulnerability index was published in 1995 and in 2003 Briguglio and Galea [59] linked the economic vulnerability index to the concept of resilience in an index called the "adjusted economic vulnerability index for resilience". They argued that the simple indicator of resilience is GDP per capita, as this variable includes the country's ability to deal with vulnerabilities. ...
Nowadays, development of innovation systems for regional sustainability is considered as one of the key concerns of human communities; so that, most countries try to become pioneer in this area. So, most countries make worldwide changes to achieve this goal. Regarding the importance and necessity of sustainable development in countries, factors leading to this development should be paid attention to. The important role of innovation in organizations’ success is not limited to the country’s production sector. Rather, this issue is also true and even more important in companies’ service sector that educates the future human resources. Innovation is an important issue in economic, business, technological, sociological, and engineering studies that creates the ability to adapt to and manage changes; innovation is the key element of every organization’s success and survival, and the organizations’ attention to the individuals’ creativity and innovation makes them to move forward. Innovation is a key element in the success and survival of each organization, but their value must be assessed through the factors of sustainable development of regional innovation systems in the interests of geographically localized communities, territories and regional clusters. The paper presents an analysis of modern literature on the topic of innovative development of regions. The characteristics of approaches and methods for assessing different types of innovations and their significance for sustainable development of regions are described. Emphasis is placed on the evolution of the triple helix model, the applicability of variations of this model for analysis, and the literature on the resilience of regional innovation systems to external negative factors (shocks) is analyzed.
... Aunque los estudios acerca de la vulnerabilidad se han concentrado en cierto tipo de países, vale la pena aclarar que la existencia de dicho fenómeno no necesariamente implica un menor grado de desarrollo económico (Briguglio y Galea, 2003;Briguglio et al., 2006;Briguglio, 2014). Como ejemplo, los autores se refieren al caso de Singapur; un país que, a pesar de tener una elevada exposición ante la ocurrencia de shocks exógenos, ha conseguido altos niveles de renta per cápita. ...
... Para el autor, dicha vulnerabilidad tiene un carácter transitorio y cambiante, ya que refleja solamente las condiciones actuales de la economía, más no los elementos estructurales de la misma. En contraste, la vulnerabilidad económica estructural sería independiente de la aplicación de las medidas de intervención (voluntad política) por parte de los gobiernos (Guillaumont, 1999;2013;2016;Briguglio y Galea, 2003;Briguglio, 2004;2014;Briguglio et al., 2006;2008;). a aminorar los efectos causados por los shocks externos. ...
... A partir de los argumentos presentados hasta el momento, el grado de la vulnerabilidad macroeconómica de un país se explica por sus características inherentes o estructurales (Briguglio, 1995;2014;Briguglio y Galea, 2003;Cordina, 2004;Briguglio et al., 2006;2008;Guillaumont, 2009). Estos autores señalan que los países como los SIDS, LDCs y LICs están sometidos a varios factores de exposición que los hacen más vulnerables que otros. ...
El objetivo de este estudio es hacer una revisión del significado y los alcances que tiene el concepto de vulnerabilidad macroeconómica (VM), enfatizando en la situación a la cual se enfrentan las economías en desarrollo. Para este propósito, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de las publicaciones más relevantes acerca de este tema. Como resultado de este estudio, se identificaron tres enfoques que abordan el estudio de la VM: a) el estructural; b) el que asocia la VM con la ocurrencia de episodios de crisis; y c) aquel que plantea que la VM está relacionada con la inestabilidad macroeconómica real. Más allá de los contrastes que se encontraron entre las diferentes posturas teóricas, se concluye que la VM es un fenómeno muy arraigado en las economías latinoamericanas, cuyas consecuencias se han agravado como resultado de la profundización de la integración comercial y financiera que se ha dado en las últimas décadas.
... N.) defines the SIDS as a group of developing countries facing specific social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities (UN-OHRLLS (2015)). There is also a strong consensus that SIDS countries exhibit a higher degree of economic vulnerability compared with other developing economies (Briguglio (1995(Briguglio ( , 1998(Briguglio ( , 2003; Briguglio and Galea (2003), Adrianto and Matsuda (2004), Guillaumont (2010), van der Velde et al. (2007)). This is explained by structural challenges such as their small size, which makes it difficult to achieve economies of scale in the production chain, and their limited access to natural resources, which forces them to import most of the raw materials. ...
Sustainable development in Caribbean Small Islands Developing States (SIDS) is difficult to obtain because of their economic and social vulnerabilities. This thesis examines the sustainable resource allocation and economic growth of Caribbean SIDS using theoretical and numerical methods, and focusing on interactions between demographic and environmental dimensions. Due to their regional importance, I examine the effects of migration and remittances while taking into account local pollution and climate change.First, I describe the impacts of remittances on savings, fertility and education, with a special focus on intergenerational strategies. I show that potential positive effects from migration or remittances depend strongly on its positive effect on human capital accumulation, i.e. whether it is larger or not than the population growth.Because human capital accumulation also depends on the environment, in the second chapter I study the potential interactions between migration gains and environmental quality. If pollution exposure during childhood harms the human capital process, first there are new conditions for gains from migration which can decrease the demographic pressure on natural assets, second an environmental policy is beneficial.Finally, Caribbean SIDS cannot reduce the extent of climate change, leaving them no choice but to adapt to its effects, however this is costly and difficult to implement. The third chapter of this thesis addresses the use of migration, which leads to remittances that can fund adaptation measures. Therefore, I test whether there is a complementarity or a substitutability between the two strategies and show that it depend on the fundamentals of the economy.
