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More than 3 million Afghans—refugees, regular migrants and irregular migrants—reside in Iran. They are a significant community whose migration and migration aspirations are of international, national and local interest and impact.
The research “Afghans in Iran: Migration Patterns and Aspirations” was conducted in cooperation with the University o...
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... were highly satisfied with their provinces, such as Mashhad and Tehran (see Table 3.12). Total 32 21 47 276 14 30 56 648 24 33 43 430 36 28 36 309 Men 28 22 50 144 15 30 55 308 24 31 45 208 41 25 34 216 Women 36 20 44 132 12 30 58 334 23 36 41 222 25 33 42 91 15-18 years 44 33 22 9 34 23 43 177 14 26 60 162 17 37 46 57 20 45 35 Y=Yes plan to return; M=maybe plan to return; No=Not plan to return; N=number of respondents ...Context 2
... were highly satisfied with their provinces, such as Mashhad and Tehran (see Table 3.12). Total 32 21 47 276 14 30 56 648 24 33 43 430 36 28 36 309 Men 28 22 50 144 15 30 55 308 24 31 45 208 41 25 34 216 Women 36 20 44 132 12 30 58 334 23 36 41 222 25 33 42 91 15-18 years 44 33 22 9 34 23 43 177 14 26 60 162 17 37 46 57 20 45 35 Y=Yes plan to return; M=maybe plan to return; No=Not plan to return; N=number of respondents ...Citations
... Furthermore, minors might have been sent to the EU to pave a way for the rest of family through family repatriation. They need to travel via Turkey, but very few Afghans in Iran intend to remain in Turkey (Jauhiainen & Eyvazlu 2020). Leaving Afghanistan or Iran for the EU is not a voluntary decision for all Afghans, including the young adults. ...
... Some may enter Turkey easily, for example by air, even without a visa. Other may have to cross the Turkish border irregularly, for example through the mountains, making this journey difficult and sometimes dangerous, especially for Afghans who come from Iran (see Dimitriadi 2018;Kuschminder 2018;Jauhiainen et al. 2020; Section 3.1). Besides having risks on being caught and detained by the authorities, during their journeys these migrants are also often exploited at work and sexual violence is acted upon male and female migrants (Belanteri et al. 2020). ...
... The distance from the Afghanistan border to Lesvos is several thousand kilometers; one needs to cross international borders, and many need to use irregular migration modes. Furthermore, many need to remain in Iran from a day to months or even longer before crossing the border to Turkey (see Jauhiainen et al. 2020). However, over a third (39%) spent more than two years on the journey. ...
Asylum Seekers and Undocumented Migrants in Lesvos, Greece, 2020–2022 focuses on who the asylum seekers and other asylum-related migrants were on the Eastern Mediterranean island of Lesvos in Greece and what their physical and digital (im)mobilities were, including their migration patterns and aspirations to reach Lesvos and further destinations, their daily lives in the Mavrovouni reception and identification center, and their Internet and social media uses in their country of origin, during their asylum-related journeys and in Lesvos.
The research report here covers the asylum-related migration developments in Lesvos from early 2020 to summer 2022. Also discussed here are general developments in asylum-related migration in the Greek archipelago and at the EU borderlands from the 2010s to mid-2022.
... As evidenced by our survey, among Afghan male respondents, 64% were employed, as were fewer (30%) Afghan female respondents (Table 2). However, in Iran in general, substantially fewer (5%) adult foreign female nationals are employed, including female Afghan refugees (8%) in Iran outside the GTs [12]. In general, foreign female nationals, including Afghans, cannot register for permission to work in Iran unless they are heads of the household or have disabled husbands. ...
This article studies the self-management of guest towns (GTs) in Iran and the development of Afghan refugees' employment and entrepreneurship in these settlements.
No earlier research exists on refugee entrepreneurialism in GTs in Iran. The research is based on surveys (546 refugee respondents), interviews (35 refugees) and observations in four GTs in Iran, and interviews (12) with key public authorities related to Afghan refugees in Iran.
Of the nearly one million Afghan refugees in Iran, approximately 30,000 reside in 20 GTs, each having up to a few thousand inhabitants. Following a decrease in international support for Afghan refugees and national privatisation policies, the Iranian government decided in 2003 that GTs needed to be self-managed to be financially self-sustainable by their Afghan refugee inhabitants. The motivation and necessity generated by GT self-management led to the increase, diversification, and profit orientation in Afghan refugees' economic activities in the GTs. The GT refugee councils facilitated internal entrepreneurship fostered externally by state policies, such as the GTs' obligation to become economically self-sustainable and the provision of tax exemptions and other incentives to GTs. A larger number of Afghan refugees (including women) obtained employment, various entrepreneurial trajectories emerged, and several businesses connected the GTs to the external economy.
