Figure - available from: Biomedical Optics Express
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Visualization of the 3.44° and 10° incidence angles for the rays passing though the center of the pupil marked in red relative to the surface normal of the retina (approximated by the radius of the matching sphere of 11.3 mm length).
Source publication
One and half decades ago, Müller glia cells of the retina became subjects of extended research as optical waveguides. It was demonstrated that outside the fovea, these cells are capable of providing light transmission through the thicker parts of the retina from the vitreous surface to the photoreceptor cells. We combined optical modeling of the ey...
Similar publications
Glutamate is an important amino acid, metabolite and excitatory neurotransmitter, which is found in its free form in the extracellular spaces of the central nervous system (CNS). More than half of all synapses in CNS release glutamate. It is the main neurotransmitter driving the light responses in the retina. All types of photoreceptors, bipolar, g...
Rare cell populations are key in neoplastic progression and therapeutic response, offering potential intervention targets.However, their computational identification and analysis often lag behind major cell types. To fill this gap, we introduced MarsGT: Multi-omics Analysis for Rare population inference using Single-cell Graph Transformer.It identi...
Background
The pathological basis for many retinal diseases, retinal ischemia is also one of the most common causes of visual impairment. Numerous ocular diseases have been linked to Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress. However, there is still no clear understanding of the relationship between ER stress and Müller glial cells during retinal ischemia an...
Cell morphology is critical for all cell functions. This is particularly true for glial cells as they rely on complex shape to contact and support neurons. However, methods to quantify complex glial cell shape accurately and reproducibly are lacking. To address this, we developed the image analysis pipeline "GliaMorph". GliaMorph is a modular analy...
Retinal degenerative diseases, characterized by retinal neuronal death and severe vision loss, affect millions of people worldwide. One of the most promising treatment methods for retinal degenerative diseases is to reprogram non-neuronal cells into stem or progenitor cells, which then have the potential to re-differentiate to replace the dead neur...
Citations
... Additionally, microglia release cytokines that attract T-cells to the retinal parenchyma, thereby contributing to immune responses in retinal degenerative diseases (Ramirez et al., 2017). Müller cells span the entire depth of the retina, contributing to light transmission and maintaining homeostasis under physiological conditions (Szabó et al., 2022;Yoshimoto et al., 2023). In response to retinal degeneration, they exhibit reactivity to protect the retina from further damage and promote repair following pathological insult. ...
Glia antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are pivotal regulators of immune surveillance within the retina, maintaining tissue homeostasis and promptly responding to insults. The intricate mechanisms underlying their local coordination and activation remain unclear.
Our study integrates an animal model of retinal injury, retrospective analysis of human retinas, and in vitro experiments to elucidate insights into the pivotal role of antigen presentation in neuroimmunology during retinal degeneration, uncovering the involvement of various glial cells, notably Müller glia, and microglia. Glial cells act as sentinels, detecting antigens released during degeneration and interacting with T-cells via MHC molecules, which are essential for immune responses. Microglia function as APCs via the MHC class II pathway, upregulating key molecules such as Csf1r and cytokines. In contrast, Müller cells act as atypical APCs through the MHC class I pathway, exhibiting upregulated antigen processing genes and promoting a CD8 ⁺ T-cell response. Distinct cytokine signaling pathways, including TNF-α and IFN, contribute to the immune balance. Human retinal specimens corroborate these findings, demonstrating glial activation and MHC expression correlating with degenerative changes. In vitro assays also confirmed differential T-cell migration responses to activated microglia and Müller cells, highlighting their role in shaping the immune milieu within the retina. These insights emphasize the complex interplay between glial cells and T-cells, influencing the inflammatory environment and potentially modulating degenerative processes.
In summary, our study emphasizes the involvement of retinal glial cells in modulating the immune response after insults to the retinal parenchyma. Thus, unraveling the intricacies of glia-mediated antigen presentation in retinal degeneration is essential for developing precise therapeutic interventions for retinal pathologies.
Glia antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) are pivotal regulators of immune surveillance within the retina, maintaining tissue homeostasis and promptly responding to insults. However, the intricate mechanisms underlying their local coordination and activation remain unclear. Our study integrates an animal model of retinal injury, retrospective analysis of human retinas, and in vitro experiments to gain insights into the crucial role of antigen presentation in neuroimmunology during retinal degeneration (RD), uncovering the involvement of various glial cells, notably Müller glia and microglia. Glial cells act as sentinels, detecting antigens released during degeneration and interacting with T‐cells via MHC molecules, which are essential for immune responses. Microglia function as APCs via the MHC Class II pathway, upregulating key molecules such as Csf1r and cytokines. In contrast, Müller cells act through the MHC Class I pathway, exhibiting upregulated antigen processing genes and promoting a CD8 ⁺ T‐cell response. Distinct cytokine signaling pathways, including TNF‐α and IFN Type I, contribute to the immune balance. Human retinal specimens corroborate these findings, demonstrating glial activation and MHC expression correlating with degenerative changes. In vitro assays also confirmed differential T‐cell migration responses to activated microglia and Müller cells, highlighting their role in shaping the immune milieu within the retina. In summary, our study emphasizes the involvement of retinal glial cells in modulating the immune response after insults to the retinal parenchyma. Unraveling the intricacies of glia‐mediated antigen presentation in RD is essential for developing precise therapeutic interventions for retinal pathologies.
