Figure - available from: Biomolecules
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Verification of isolation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by serum-free MDA-MB-231 cells. (A) Representative top surface scanning electron micrograph (FE-SEM) of a pre-filtration Synder LY membrane used for EV isolation (left; scale bar: 100 nm) and histogram demonstrating size distribution of pore sizes (right). (B) Representative transmission electron micrograph (TEM) image of EVs derived using ultracentrifugation (UC; left) and of EVs derived using direct flow filtration (DFF; right). (C) Exosome Antibody Array of MDA-MB-231 whole cell lysate, UC-derived EV proteins, and DFF-derived EV proteins (50 µg each). Numbers represent relative intensity of the bands compared to the positive control. Original Western blot images are available in Supplementary Materials. (D) Total protein isolated from EVs per one million cells. n ≥ 3; mean ± standard error; *** p < 0.001 via Student’s t-test with Welch corrections.
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Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are some of the key culprits that cause cancer metastasis and metastasis-related deaths. These cells exist in a dynamic microenvironment where they experience fluid shear stress (FSS), and the CTCs that survive FSS are considered to be highly metastatic and stem cell-like. Biophysical stresses such as FSS are also kno...
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Citations
The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in various tumors has become increasingly clear in addition to their prominent role in therapy resistance, metastasis, and recurrence. For early diagnosis, disease progression monitoring, and targeting, there is a high demand for clinical-grade methods for quantitative measurement of CSCs from patient samples. Despite years of active research, standard measurement of CSCs has not yet reached clinical settings, especially in the case of solid tumors. This is because detecting this plastic heterogeneous population of cells is not straightforward. This review summarizes various techniques, highlighting their benefits and limitations in detecting CSCs from patient samples. In addition, methods designed to detect CSCs based on secreted and niche-associated signaling factors are reviewed. Spatial and single-cell methods for analyzing patient tumor tissues and noninvasive techniques such as liquid biopsy and in vivo imaging are discussed. Additionally, methods recently established in laboratories, preclinical studies, and clinical assays are covered. Finally, we discuss the characteristics of an ideal method as we look toward the future.
