Figure - available from: The Cryosphere
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Variations in mean spring temperature and ice break-ups. A comparison between the interpolated mean temperatures to the observation sites for the (a) Torne, (b) Kokemäki and (c) Aura rivers over 1960–2020 period. The observed break-up dates (thin line) were smoothed using a 10-year spline function (thick line) to illustrate decadal and longer variations. The axis that shows the break-up dates is inverted.
Source publication
At high latitudes, long-term changes in riverine ice break-ups are exemplary measures of climatic change and variation. This study compares cryophenological trends, patterns and changes for the rivers Aura (1749–2020), Torne (1693–2020) and Kokemäki (1793–2020); all sites are located in Finland. The Kokemäki River series is a new series from the ci...
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Citations
... In addition to instrumental measurements, documentary data can also provide precise climate information. Specifically, ice phenology (dates of freezing and thawing of rivers or harbours) and plant phenology (Norrgård & Helama, 2002) provide quantitative climate information over the past 300 years. ...
