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Variation in trichomes length in sorghum aphid resistant (red) and susceptible (blue) genotypes. The prickle trichomes and bi-cellular trichomes of resistant varieties were 21% and 22% longer than susceptible, respectively. Bars are means (± SE, n = 4). P values are given for treatment comparisons with an ANOVA test followed by a least square means procedure. Lowercase letters (a-d) indicate significant difference (P < 0.05) for assessed parameters
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We found four indicative traits of innate immunity. Sorghum-resistant varieties had a greater trichome, stomatal and chloroplast density, and smaller mesophyll intercellular width than susceptible varieties.
Abstract
The sorghum aphid (SA), Melanaphis sorghi (Theobald), can severely reduce sorghum yield. The contribution of structural...
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Citations
... Plants possess thorns or trichomes on their leaves, stems, and fruits, which serve as deterrents against insects, thereby reducing pest damage. Leaf trichomes form barriers that aphids encounter during foraging, feeding, digestion, mating, and oviposition, minimizing aphid reproductive rates (Haq et al. 2023;Triplett et al. 2023;Xu et al. 2023). As was demonstrated in a study on aphid resistance in mustard plants, the dense leaf structure impeded the feeding of green peach aphids and reduced the palatability and digestibility of leaf tissue. ...
Aphids cause enormous financial losses to various crop plants on a global scale. Moreover, aphids are vectors for many plant viral diseases that can further hasten crop yield losses. Aphids secrete saliva during feeding that contains effectors that can regulate plants' defense responses and their underlying mechanisms. Although much research has been undertaken to determine the mechanisms contributing to plant-aphid interactions, our understanding of defense mechanisms against aphids is insufficient. The presence of piercing-sucking mouthparts in aphids makes the identification of aphid resistance more challenging, hindering our understanding of the mechanisms of plant resistance to aphids. In this article, we consolidate and assess the evidence that is currently available on plant-aphid interactions, address the gaps in our understanding, and propose new research directions. As an outcome, we present an in-depth review of the molecular mechanisms of aphid resistance in crops from five perspectives: physical protection against aphids using volatile compounds, PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), plant hormone signaling and the inheritance of induced resistance through epigenetics.
... Fine mapping using bulk segregant analysis and deep sequencing from the expressed tissues can further narrow down the causal locus and allow us to decipher the mechanisms involved in plant defenses and their association with wax production in plants. Triplett et al. (2023) identified higher density of trichomes, stomata, and chloroplasts, as well as reduced mesophyll intercellular width, as key structural traits indicating resistance to sorghum aphid. In addition, plants can produce defensive chemicals such as terpenoids, alkaloids, anthocyanins, phenols, and quinones, which either deter (antixenosis) or impede herbivores (antibiosis). ...
During the last decade, the sorghum aphid (Melanaphis sorghi), previously identified as sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari), became a serious pest of sorghum, spreading to all sorghum‐producing regions in the United States, Mexico, and South America, where crop losses of 50%–100% have been reported. Developing sorghum cultivars with resistance to this insect is the most sustainable strategy for long‐term pest management. To design cultivars with aphid resistance, comprehensively understanding the mechanisms underlying aphid survival, host plant resistance, and aphid–sorghum interactions is critical. In this review, we summarize the comprehensive efforts to characterize the aphid populations as well as their interaction with sorghum plants via hormonal pathways that trigger various genes including leucine rich repeats, WRKY transcription factors, lipoxygenases, calmodulins, and others. We discuss efforts made during the last decade to identify specific genomic regions and candidate genes that confer aphid resistance, as well as describe recent successes and potential challenges in breeding for aphid resistance. Furthermore, we discuss the use of disruptive technologies like high‐throughput phenotyping, artificial intelligence, or machine learning for developing aphid resistant sorghum cultivars. Integration of these new technologies has the potential to accelerate the development and design of novel traits that confer durable aphid resistance in new sorghum cultivars to defend sorghum against new aphid genotype development.
... Lilies' stomatal length, stomatal width, and stomatal density of lilies were found to be significantly different (p < 0.05). Previous studies have shown that larger stomatal densities can alter leaf surface topography, leading to behavioral responses from insects [15]. Plant aphid-resistant varieties tend to have a smaller stomatal size and higher stomatal density [30]. ...
Lilies (Lilium spp.) are famous bulb flowers worldwide, with high ornamental value. Aphid damage has seriously constrained the development of the lily industry. In this study, the aphid resistance of 16 lily cultivars and 2 wild lily species was characterized in the field and greenhouse. Leaf color parameters, stomatal density and size, thickness of leaf layers, leaf waxy content, and leaf water content were determined to explore the constitutive resistance of lilies. The results show that there was a significant positive correlation between the number of aphids in the field and in the greenhouse (p ≤ 0.05, r = 0.47). This indicated that the level of aphid infestation in both the field and the greenhouse is generally consistent across different types of lily plants. Among these 18 lilies, ‘Palazzo’, ‘Nymph’, ‘Cameleon’ and L. lancifolium were resistant to A. gossypii, while ‘Black Beauty’ and ‘Magnefique’ had poor resistance. The correlation analysis results showed that the number of aphids was negatively correlated with leaf abaxial surface a*, stomatal size, water content, and thickness of leaf palisade tissue and positively correlated with leaf distal axial surface b*, C*, and waxy content. Among them, the correlation between the number of aphids and the thickness of leaf palisade tissue reached a significant level (p ≤ 0.05, r = −0.521). This indicated that the thickness of the palisade tissue of lily leaves might be an important factor influencing the proliferation of aphids. This study not only screened out aphid-resistant lilies but also established a crucial research foundation for the targeted breeding and molecular breeding of lilies with aphid resistance.
