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Crowdsourcing has rapidly developed as a mechanism to accomplish tasks that are easy for humans to accomplish but are challenging for machines. However, unlike machines, humans need to be cajoled to perform tasks, usually through some type of incentive. Since participants from the crowd are typically anonymous and have no expectation of an ongoing...
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Context 1
... measure of absolute risk aversion (Arrow 1971;Pratt 1964). This measure associates one of three risk attitudes with the curvature of an individual's utility function: risk neutral individuals have linear utility functions, risk seekers have convex utility functions and risk averse individuals have concave utility functions, as illustrated in Fig. ...
Context 2
... Fig. 1, we can examine the ratio of DU(W), the change in utility (or value) of the increased reward and DW, the change in certain compensation, for different attitudes towards risk. This simplified view of the Arrow-Pratt measure states that for risk seekers, DU(W)/DW [ 1, for risk neutral individuals, DU(W)/DW = 1, and for risk averse ...
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Citations
... Given the growing number of people working through platforms, scholarly debate has flourished in recent years, with studies mainly tackling algorithmic logic (Bellesia, Mattarelli, & Bertolotti, 2023;Gandini, Pais, & Beraldo, 2016;Kellogg, Valentine, & Christin, 2020), gig workers' motivation (Dunn, 2020;Harris & Wu, 2014;Jabagi et al., 2019) and the apparent paradox between gig workers autonomy and algorithmic control (Gandini, 2019;Jabagi et al., 2019;Kost, Fieseler, & Wong, 2020). Indeed, in the gig economy, algorithms not only match labor supply and demand but also automate management practices by monitoring, controlling and coordinating workers, influencing their performance and commitment, thus undertaking typical HR processes and making decisions that affect labor (Duggan et al., 2020;Rosenblat & Stark, 2016). ...
Purpose
This study aims to explore the human resource management (HRM) practices related to training and feedback in the app work industry, specifically in online food delivery service, and investigate the emotional and behavioral responses of gig workers.
Design/methodology/approach
This study adopts a qualitative approach by interviewing 19 gig workers from six food delivery firms operating in different countries.
Findings
The results show limited training and feedback opportunities are provided to app workers, although the complexity of training and delivery methods differ across platforms. To address this shortage, app workers developed response strategies relying on social interaction.
Research limitations/implications
This study adds to the research on HRM practices in the gig economy by portraying the way in which training and feedback unfold in the food delivery app ecosystem and by disclosing the gig workers’ emotional and behavioral responses to it.
Practical implications
This study shows that the way training activities are currently designed may provide little value to the ecosystem and are likely to produce negative emotional responses in gig workers. Thus, platform providers may make use of these findings by introducing more transparent feedback and social learning opportunities.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is among the first empirical studies on online delivery gig workers addressing specific HRM practices. It reveals significant insights for training and feedback, suggesting app economy characteristics strongly affect training and feedback practices for app workers.
... We assume that the ultimate goal of the decision maker responsible for solving problem (1) is to acquire and apply additional preference information to select a compromise solution out of P(U,F,θ). As such, the aforementioned reference points serve as additional preference information in the extended TOPSIS [11], bipolar [16], reference set (RefSet, [5]) methods or in risk analysis [6], [7] and marketing [4]. A method of preference aggregation in problem (1) with multiple reference points was proposed in [12]. ...
... In order to obtain the desired properties of the level sets of v, we imposed an additional condition (7), symmetric to (6), which allowed us (cf. [12]) to formulate the definition of mutual consistency, ...
This article proposes an algorithm to reconcile inconsistent recommendations of experts involved in a multicriteria decision support procedure. The algorithm yields a consistent set of reference points transformed from an arbitrary collection. By assumption, experts S1,…,Sn are agents independently involved in a decision making process of other agents termed decision makers. Experts formulate recommendations as reference points in the criteria space and simultaneously communicate them to decision makers. The above decision-making process corresponds to the schemes ‘one decision maker – multiple recommending experts’ (group decision support) or ‘multiple decision makers – multiple experts’ (group decision making and support). The assumed independence of expert judgments may provide different types of recommendation inconsistency. We define several variants of the internal and mutual inconsistency, which may occur simultaneously in the same decision-making problem. We will also assume that expert recommendations may belong to four predefined characteristic reference sets. The proposed new preference aggregation procedure regularizes the set of reference values pointed out by multiple experts. The aggregation-regularization operations include recommendation merging, reference point averaging, splitting of reference classes, moving a reference point between classes, or removing it from a class. A real-life example displaying the implementation of content-based multimedia retrieval from a knowledge repository will illustrate the above approach. In the final section, we will discuss the dependence of aggregation-regularization process outcomes on the sequence of reference classes, with reference points within each class checked for inconsistencies.KeywordsInformation inconsistencyGroup recommendationMulticriteria decision makingReference set methodPreference aggregation
... While some discussions of the gig economy have focused on the specifics and work ethics of "giggers" (Tan et al., 2021), their motivations (Harris and Wu, 2014), potential benefits (Kittur et al., 2013;Mason and Watts, 2009) and types of crowdsourcing platforms (Josserand and Kaine, 2019), more and more researchers are wondering about the potential of "giggers" for organizations (Kuhn et al., 2019). They include people who perform creative professions, innovators (Manyika et al., 2016) and talent (Meijerink, 2020). ...
The Learning Organization Journal
Scopus CiteScore 2020: 5.1
ISSN: 0969-6474
Call for papers for a Special Issue on
Gig Workers and Learning Organizations
Opening date for manuscripts submissions: 01/08/2022
Closing date for manuscripts submission: 30/01/2023
... Risk-taking aptitude is different from investor to investor. Generally, the investors are categorised into three on the basis of their risk-taking abilities (Harris and Wu 2014). They can be risk averse, risk neutral and risk seeking. ...
It is eminent to understand, be aware of and encourage domestic retail investors towards investment in the capital market in a developing economy such as India for tackling the situation of capital insufficiency and financial instability. Therefore, the study was purposed to find out the different dimensions of cognition that affect investment attitude and the different characteristics of risk absorption affecting the investment decision making. The study also intended to find the direct and the mediating impact of investors’ cognition directly and through risk-absorption scenarios on the level of interest on investment. The study used the causative research design and by using stratified random sampling, received 392 responses from investors with risk-absorption characteristics from four strata of Odisha (a state of India) through a self-constructed questionnaire. Factor analysis was used to find out the factor of cognition and risk absorption. Multiple linear regression was used to find out the effect of both factors of cognition and risk absorption on the intensity of purchase financial product or level of interest in investment. Mediation analysis was used to find the mediating impact showing the direct and indirect impact of cognition on interest in investment and through the factors risk absorption. The study found that the dimensions of cognition (hot, cold, social and meta) have a significant impact on the level of interest towards investment, so financial product sellers must use these dimensions and sources of cognition to bring up interest from the domestic investor to invest in the domestic capital market. It has also been found that the risk-absorption characteristics play a mediating and vital role in the relation between investors’ cognition and level of interest in investment. Therefore, it is imperative to uplift the risk-absorption capacity through different dimensions of cognition and sources of information, which can reflect in a better understanding of the market and investment scenarios.
... Si la fonction est linéaire, on dit que la personne reste neutre face au risque (« risk-neutral »). Si la fonction est concave, l'individu a une aversion au risque (« risk-averse ») et si la fonction est convexe, la personne est prône au risque (« risk-prone »), c'est-à-dire qu'elle préfère une récompense incertaine à une plus petite récompense certaine (Harris and Wu, 2014). La théorie de l'utilité espérée propose que ce paramètre soit compris dans la fonction d'utilité subjective qui donne les valeurs subjectives aux paris. ...
Les mécanismes cérébraux engagés dans la prise de décision sont loin d’être compris. Nos choix sont le plus souvent loin d’être rationnels et cela est lié à la valeur subjective attribuée aux options présentées par notre cerveau. Le travail réalisé dans cette thèse vise à comprendre plus en profondeur le système de valuation cérébral grâce à la technique d’IRMf. Nous avons étudié notamment les biais de prise de décision autour de trois études portant sur la distorsion des probabilités pour une récompense immédiate ou retardée, l’effet de cadre dans un contexte de gains ou de pertes pour une décision prise pour soi ou pour un proche et enfin le phénomène d’aversion à la perte pour des récompenses primaires ou secondaires. Ces études ont été menée à la fois chez une population saine et une population souffrant d’addiction comportementale, une addiction aux jeux d’argent pour les deux premières études et l’anorexie mentale pour la dernière étude.
... Benefiting from the foundational theories of their predecessors, Wang and Johnson (2012) propose trireference point (TRP) theory with minimum requirement (MR), status quo (SQ), and goal (G) as the reference points for decision makers, which is the theoretical tool that this paper emphasizes. Although TRP theory is a recent innovation, it has been widely used in various areas related to decision-making management, such as gamified crowdsourcing tasks (Harris & Wu, 2014), salary perception (Zhao et al.,208), HR management (Hu & Wang, 2014), food choice (Lagerkvist et al., 2015), and even international second home retirement motives in Malaysia (Keemun & Musa, 2015). ...
... If the preset number of iterations is reached, the position of the optimal particle and the objective function value are output; otherwise, return to step 2. Particle representation: Each particle's position, denoted as 12 ( , ) X , is a feasible solution, and this particle's velocity is 12 ( , ) yy Y . Initialization: Under the constraints of formulas (8) and (9), the positions of particles are randomly initialized, and the velocities of the particles are randomly initialized in the interval (-0.05, 0.05). If the initial solution does not satisfy constraint (5), it is reinitialized. ...
... Financial remuneration is a key apparatus of creative crowdwork platform governance that controls workers' behaviors by motivating them to take part in the crowdwork platform and by incentivizing them to deliver quality work (Harris & Wu, 2014;Gol et al., 2018). In Topcoder, financial remuneration is competition-based. ...
Crowdwork is a novel form of digitally mediated work arrangement that is managed and organized through online labor platforms. This paper focuses on the governance of platforms that facilitate creative work—that is, complex work tasks that require high-level skill and creative workers. Crowdwork platform governance faces numerous challenges as a result of technology mediation, scalable and distributed workers, and temporary work arrangements. Creative crowdwork platforms, such as Topcoder, typically require additional governance structures to manage complex tasks. However, we know relatively little about creative crowdwork platform governance, as most existing studies focus on routine work platforms, such as Amazon Mechanical Turk. Accordingly, this paper explores how incumbent and insurgent creative crowdwork platforms are governed under centralized and decentralized modes. We conducted a comparative case study based on the analysis of two different cases: Topcoder, a successful commercial platform with a largely centralized governance structure, and CanYa, an emerging innovative platform based on blockchain technology with more decentralized governance. We identified and classified different governance elements related to work control and work coordination. In addition, we explored the characteristics of creative crowdwork platform governance with different degrees of centralization.
... For example, managing dependencies between tasks and sub-tasks drives the ability to coordinate large-scale tasks and improves the completion and acceptance rates of such tasks (Chen et al., 2014). Incentive management, meanwhile, manages the dependencies between workers' performance and different types of rewards available to them (Harris and Wu, 2014). For example, high pricing of tasks lowers the output for the job provider due to budgetary constraints. ...
... The degree to which crowdwork platform governance manages the interdependencies between worker's performance and the incentives and rewards available to them (Harris and Wu, 2014) AMT job providers may provide extra incentives to workers in the form of a reward payment (Harris, 2015). TopCoder awards prizes to winners (Kittur et al., 2013) Contract Management The degree to which the work contracts make it possible for the platform to manage interdependencies between job providers and workers (Agrawal et al., 2015;Vakharia and Lease, 2015) AMT facilitates routine work based on a set fee but does not provide a contract. ...
Crowdwork, a new form of digitally mediated employment and part of the so-called gig economy, has the capacity to change the nature of work organization and to provide strategic value to workers, job providers, and intermediary platform owners. However, because crowdwork is temporary, large-scale, distributed, and mediated, its governance remains a challenge that often casts a shadow over its strategic value. The objective of this paper is to shed light on the making of value-adding crowdwork arrangements. Specifically, the paper explores crowdwork platform governance mechanisms and the relationships between these mechanisms and organizational value creation. Building on a comprehensive review of the extant literature on governance and crowdwork, we construct an overarching conceptual model that integrates control system and coordination system as two complementary mechanisms that drive crowdwork platform governance effectiveness and the consequent job provider benefits. Furthermore, the model accentuates the role of the degree of centralization and the degree of routinization as critical moderators in crowdwork platform governance. Overall, the paper highlights the potential of crowdwork to contribute not only to inclusion, fair wages and flexible work arrangements for workers but also to organizations’ value and competitive edge.
... Participants in the 3-collaborator models had a higher retention rate than those in the 4 or 5 collaborator models. Nearly a third (32.6%) of all participants played the maximum of 10 sessions, which is a far higher retention rate than typical for repeated tasks conducted through crowdsourcing (e.g., [7,8,17]). This indicates the monetary incentives we offered worked well and the task provided was sufficiently engaging. ...
... Knoller (2016) argue that the very gear for the presence of "cushion effect" in demand for principal-protected life annuities is the attitude to risk around personal reference points. Harris and Wu (2014) investigate the role of multiple reference points in making financial incentives to get efficiency in production. These applicative issues are left to future research. ...
In their pioneering works on prospect theory Kahneman and Tversky (1979, 1992) propose the groundbreaking idea that in making decisions under risk individuals evaluate asymmetrically losses and gains against to a personal reference point. According to the Kahneman and Tversky (1979) statement " losses loom larger than gains " , individuals display loss aversion. However, Sacchi and Stanca (2014) argue that people may exhibit gain appetite that states that " gains loom larger than losses ". Although the prospect theory can be traced back of more than thirty years, how to formalize asymmetrical preferences to a reference point is still an open issue (see Abdellaoui et al., 2007; and Ghossoub, 2012). In this short note we set a preference-based definition for loss aversion, gain appetite and equally weighted preferences " in the small " , i.e. for outcomes around a given reference point; and " in the large " , i.e. for any outcome of the domain. The classical Kahneman and Tversky (1979, page 279) loss aversion definition follows as a special case. Keywords: Loss-gain asymmetry, Preference-based definition of loss aversion and gain appetite; Multiple reference points 674 Robert Bordley et al.
