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The use of granulated recycled rubber as a lightweight material in civil engineering applications has been widely growing over the past two decades. Understanding the properties of sand-rubber mixtures is essential to evaluate its performance in geotechnical applications. However, limited experimental data are available on mixtures of sand and gran...
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... Proctor compaction (ASTM D1557) was also performed to assess the relative compaction. The unit weights obtained from the maximum and minimum voids ratio and from the Modified Proctor are summarized in Table 2. In addition, the Unit weight of the specimen (at 80% relative density) and the relative compaction of the specimen are included in Table 2. ...Context 2
... unit weights obtained from the maximum and minimum voids ratio and from the Modified Proctor are summarized in Table 2. In addition, the Unit weight of the specimen (at 80% relative density) and the relative compaction of the specimen are included in Table 2. The relative compaction corresponding to the target relative density ranged from 97% to 100%. ...Similar publications
The use of granulated recycled rubber as a lightweight material in civil engineering applications has been widely growing over the past 20 years. Processed waste tires mixed with soils have been introduced as lightweight fills for slopes, retaining walls, and embankments. It has also been considered as a damping material under foundations in seismi...
Surface subsidence caused by mining is closely related to the nature and structure of overburden and soil layer. Characteristics of mining subsidence under the condition of mega-thick alluvium are special. Through analyzing the mechanism of mining subsidence with mega-thick alluvium, surface subsidence was divided into three parts, i.e., bedrock su...
Temperature is one of the important factors affecting the mechanical properties of geotechnical soils, and its role in engineering construction in China cannot be underestimated. In order to study the effects of temperature and zinc contamination concentration on the mechanical properties of Guilin local red clay, a temperature-controlled triaxial...
The use of granulated recycled rubber as a lightweight material in civil engineering applications has been widely growing over the past two decades. Understanding the properties of sand-rubber mixtures is essential to evaluate its performance in geotechnical applications. However, limited experimental data are available on mixtures of sand and gran...
Citations
... As the tyre microplastic concentration exceeded 0.1%, the intergranular pores among the sand grains became larger and friction between the tyre and sand particles began to decrease which could result in segregation (Mashiri et al. 2015). Due to the increase in the tyre microplastic concentration, the tyre particles tended to separate sand grains from each other which could cause decrease in the friction and interlocking between the particles (El-Sherbiny et al. 2013;Lee et al. 2014). Furthermore, increased amount of water also led to obstacles in compacting the sand. ...
One of the primary sources that contributes to the microplastic contamination in soil is the abrasion of vehicle wheel tyres on roads. On the other hand, the stability of a road is maintained by compacting the subbase soil beneath the road. In this study, standard Proctor compaction tests were performed on 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2% tyre microplastics-added well-graded sand (SW) that represented a subbase soil contaminated with shredded vehicle tyre microplastics. Test results indicated that a microplastic concentration of up to 0.1% caused the maximum dry unit weight (Ɣdmax) to increase from 16.58 to 17.03 kN/m³ and the optimum water content (wopt) to decrease from 15.4 to 13.8%. As a result, 0.1% tyre microplastic addition caused an increase of 0.45% in the Ɣdmax and a decrease of 1.6% in the wopt. Further increase in the microplastic concentration resulted in a decrease in the Ɣdmax and increase in the wopt. In conclusion, by compacting a well-graded sandy subbase soil beneath a road that was contaminated with tyre microplastics not only prevented the scattering of the microplastics to the environment but also provided enhancement in stability. As a practical implication, a sandy subbase soil contaminated with tyre microplastics can be compacted with smooth wheel rollers in the field in order to enhance the compaction degree of the soil beneath a road and prevent the scattering of the microplastics to a certain extent.
... Since these properties are essential for developing sustainable engineering solutions, integrating waste tyres into geotechnical applications can significantly enhance soil stability and mitigate its environmental impacts [20]. Waste tyre, in the form of tyre chips and tyre shreds, has been mixed with the sand by various researchers and, reported that the shear strength of the sand increased significantly with the inclusion of these materials [24][25][26][27][28]. Furthermore, the dynamic behaviour and energy absorption capacity of sand-tyre mixture were found to be higher as compared to clean sand [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. ...
... Since these properties are essential for developing sustainable engineering solutions, integrating waste tyres into geotechnical applications can significantly enhance soil stability and mitigate its environmental impacts [20]. Waste tyre, in the form of tyre chips and tyre shreds, has been mixed with the sand by various researchers and, reported that the shear strength of the sand increased significantly with the inclusion of these materials [24][25][26][27][28]. Furthermore, the dynamic behaviour and energy absorption capacity of sand-tyre mixture were found to be higher as compared to clean sand [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. The liquefaction potential of the sand decreased with the incorporation of tyres [35][36][37]. ...
... • This study used only one type of geogrid (aperture size 30 × 30 mm) and tyre chips (size 11 × 12 mm). • Though the soil of undrained shear strength (C u ) < 25 indicates the soft soil condition, the present study used only one value of C u = 14.5 kPa to represent soft soil subgrade. • This study primarily focuses on the experimental analysis of the application of sand-tyre mixture to improve the behaviour of soft soil subgrade; however, deeper insights into the sand-tyre interactions could be explored using numerical simulations. ...
Experimental investigations were conducted using laboratory physical model tests to examine the behaviour of circular footing (diameter, D = 150 mm) resting on sand-tyre shred mattress overlying soft clay soil (undrained shear strength, Cu = 14.5 kPa), with and without geogrid reinforcement at the interface of soft soil and sand-tyre mattress. Results revealed that the inclusion of tyre shreds (7.5% by volume) with sand, over the soft soil subgrade, increase the load-bearing pressure by 200.01% (at a height of sand tyre mixture, hSTM = 1.5D), i.e., 3.5 times higher in comparison to the soft soil subgrade foundation system S-I. Further, with the use of geogrid in between soft soil subgrade and sand-tyre mattress, bearing pressure foundation system S-VI (i.e., clay + geogrid + sand + 7.5% tyre-shred) is increased by 211.84% at hSTM = 1.5D, which is nearly 4.1 times higher than S-I foundation system. It was also observed that the footing settlement was substantially reduced with the application of geogrid between the soft soil subgrade and the sand-tyre mattress. Thus, it can be stated that the addition of tyre-shred to the sand over the soft soil subgrade, with or without geogrid reinforcement, is an effective techniques to improve the performance of soft soil subgrade systems. Moreover, this study offers a practical and sustainable solution for the application of tyre-shreds in geotechnical engineering to enhance the load-bearing capacity of soft soil subgrades.
... Waste tyres, in the form of tyre chips and tyre shreds, have been mixed with the sand by various researchers and reported that the shear strength of the sand increased significantly with the inclusion of these materials [23][24][25][26][27]. Furthermore, the dynamic behaviour and energy absorption capacity of the sand-tyre mixture are higher as compared to clean sand [22,23,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. ...
The growing global issue of waste tyres, which are non-biodegradable, poses serious environmental risks, with improper disposal and burning contributing to air and water pollution through the release of harmful chemicals and greenhouse gases. However, waste tyres possess unique engineering properties such as high tensile strength, permeability, durability, fatigue resistance, resilience, and flexibility. This study explores the potential of utilizing waste tyres to enhance soil strength through experimental investigations. Laboratory model tests were conducted on circular footing (150 mm diameter) placed on various foundation systems, considering sand or sand-tyre shred mattress overlying a soft clay bed (Cu = 14.5 kPa), with and without geogrid reinforcement at the interface of soft clay and sand-tyre. Results revealed that the maximum improvement in bearing capacity of the foundation systems, with or without geogrid, was observed at a thickness of sand layer (hs) or sand-tyre mixture (hSTM) = 1.5D, over the soft clay. Results also revealed that with the inclusion of tyre shreds (7.5% by volume) with sand, over the soft clay bed, the bearing pressure of foundation system S-IV increased by 200.01% (at hsTM = 1.5D) in comparison with S-I. This improvement in bearing capacity of S-IV (i.e. clay + sand + tyre) was 3.5 times than S-I, which is similar to the improvement in bearing capacity of foundation system S-III (i.e. clay + geogrid + sand). Based on the experimental evidence, it can be suggested that the application of tyre shred is beneficial in geotechnical engineering practices to improve the performance of soft clay foundation systems.
... The use of waste tires mixed with sand is gaining popularity since it can enhance several engineering characteristics of sand, including improving shear strength characteristics, lowering deformation, raising friction angle, enhancing energy absorption capacity, etc. (Al-Neami, 2018;Anbazhagan et al., 2017;El-Sherbiny et al., 2013;Neaz Sheikh et al., 2013;Rouhanifar et al., 2021;Silva et al., 2020). A study conducted by Anbazhagan et al. investigated the influence of rubber contents on the strength characteristics of rubber-sand mixtures. ...
... This illustration demonstrates that the rubber-sand mixture, possessing the same relative density and rubber content, shows an increased capacity to withstand loads as the confining pressure of the cell increases. The increased shear strength is likely a consequence of the rubber-sand mixture densifying under higher confining pressure (Ansari & Roy, 2023b;El-Sherbiny et al., 2013). The soil tested at 300 kPa revealed a stress capacity around 3.37 times higher than the soil tested at 50 kPa, despite both possessing the same relative density and rubber content. ...
Large quantities of scrap tires are produced by the automobile industry each year, which causes disposal challenges and impacts the environment. However, scrap tires exhibit various properties, including tensile strength, abrasion resistance, durability, thermal conductivity, elasticity, and more. Due to their versatile characteristics, these scrap tires can be utilized as construction materials for various civil engineering works to reduce their negative environmental effects and conserve natural resources. This study aims to understand the shear strength behaviours exhibited by geocell-reinforced mixtures of rubber and sand through the unconsolidated undrained triaxial test. Various parameters, including rubber sizes (425 μm to 12 mm), rubber contents (10% to 40% by volume), confining pressures (50 to 300 kPa), and geocell heights (0.2H to 0.8H, where H is the height of triaxial sample), were systematically examined to understand their impact on shear strength characteristics. The experimental findings reveal that deviatoric stress is enhanced with increasing confining pressure and rubber sizes. The maximum benefits of the rubber-sand mixture were observed at 30% rubber content. Geocell-reinforced rubber sand mixture has a higher shear strength with respect to the unreinforced mixture. Furthermore, the energy absorption capacity of the geocell-reinforced rubber sand mixtures was much better as compared to either the clean sand or rubber-sand mixture. The findings of this research demonstrate that geocellreinforced rubber sand mixtures are suitable for various geotechnical engineering works.
... First, recycling used tires will cause serious negative effects on the ecosystem [6]. Second, based on the natural geotechnical properties of tire rubber, it can be mixed with soil to form rubber-reinforced soil, a new type of geotechnical material that can improve some selected properties of soil [17]. The main chemical components of used waste tires are natural rubber and synthetic rubber, as well as sulfur, carbon black, silicon oxide, iron oxide, calcium oxide, and other additives [5]. ...
The utilization of processed rubber and construction waste in lieu of soil as a substrate could improve significantly seismic performance, while addressing the pressing environmental issue of how to reutilize and dispose of, i.e., automotive tires and demolition by-products. In this study, a series of laboratory tests explore the influence of recycled tire waste (RTW) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) fine particles on the compressibility parameters of RCA–RTW mixtures. The results revealed that the addition of rubber waste to RCA causes an increase in its compressibility and consolidation index (c v ) while prompting a power law decrease in the associated void ratio. It is found that all RCA–RTW mixtures are characterized by higher values of the compression (C C ) and swelling (C S ) indexes when compared to the pure RCA specimens while presenting a primary and secondary constrained modulus of fewer than 42 MPa and 96 MPa, respectively.
... As a result, the strength parameters of RSM and GGRSM with different percentages of rubber could be obtained. Figure 5 shows the variations in the effective values of the peak strength q 0 p , apparent cohesion c 0 and friction angle u 0 of the unreinforced RSM with varying rubber contents, which were accompanied by the comparisons with the results of previous studies [1,13,18]. One can find that q 0 p decreased with increasing rubber content, and the greater the confining pressure is, the more pronounced the decrease; c 0 increased first and then decreased with increasing rubber content, generally reaching a maximum of 20% RSM; and u 0 decreased monotonically with increasing rubber content. ...
As a lightweight and energy-dissipating filler, rubber-sand mixture (RSM) is promising for a wide range of applications in civil engineering. However, the shear strength of RSM decreases with higher rubber content compared to that of sandy soil alone. To overcome this issue, geosynthetics are placed within RSM to increase the shear strength and overall stability of the system. This paper focuses on the stress–strain–strength behavior of geogrid-reinforced RSM, with the aim of expanding the application of RSM in geotechnical, traffic and seismic fields. Based on triaxial compression tests, the stress–strain response and strength parameters of geogrid-reinforced RSM considering the effects of reinforcement layers, rubber contents and confining pressures were analyzed. The test results indicate that the strength parameters of the geogrid-reinforced RSM are significantly improved compared to the unreinforced case, and the incremental amplitude increases with increasing the number of reinforcement layers and decreasing the confining pressure. The reinforced RSM with a 20% rubber content (by weight) might be the optimum for the use of reinforcement with geosynthetics. Additionally, a new equation is proposed to estimate the strength reinforcement effect of the composite mixtures, which could provide a reference for subsequent theoretical research and engineering applications.
... In the current research, to optimize the soil properties, the rubber used in geotechnical engineering mainly comes from waste tires. Firstly, due to the recycling of waste tires, a large number of waste tires will cause serious adverse effects on the ecosystem [7] (see Table 1); secondly, based on the natural geotechnical properties of tire rubber, which can be mixed with soil to form rubber soil mixture, in this paper, the rubber soil mixture is called rubber reinforced soil [38]. e main chemical components of waste tires are natural rubber and synthetic rubber (such as styrene butadiene rubber and cis-1-butadiene rubber), as well as sulfur, carbon black, silicon oxide, iron oxide, calcium oxide, and other additives [39]. ...
... At present, the research on the mechanical properties of rubber sand is mainly focused on the shear strength of sand, but whether the addition of rubber increases the shear strength of sand is still controversial. Some scholars believe that the shear strength of sand increases with the increase of rubber content, because the addition of rubber debris increases the internal friction angle of sand [49,75,76]; however, some scholars believe that the shear strength of sand will be reduced by adding rubber, because rubber particles will separate sand particles, resulting in interlocking and friction reduction between particles [38,77]. ...
The accumulation of waste tires is a global resource and environmental problem. The landfill or incineration of tires will infiltrate toxic chemicals into the surrounding environment, which poses a serious ecological threat to the environment. A large number of studies have shown that waste tires can be used in geotechnical engineering, which provides a good idea for the recycling of waste tires. Up to now, researchers have tested the performance of soil mixed with waste tires by dynamic triaxial test, California load ratio test, unconfined compression test, direct shear test, consolidation test, and expansive force test. The results show that the stability and strength of the soil can be enhanced by adding about 20% rubber particles to the expansive soil, and the expansion, contraction, and consolidation characteristics of the expansive soil can be significantly improved. Rubber can improve the mechanical properties and deformation properties of sand. The rubber sand with a rubber content of 30% is often used as the isolation layer of middle and low buildings. However, it remains to be seen whether it is sustainable and durable to use waste tire rubber to improve soil properties and whether the chemical composition of waste tire rubber will have adverse effects on soil. So, more researchers are encouraged to look into this question. Here, we review the method and effect of rubber reinforcement technology with scrap tires and introduce the practical application of rubber reinforcement technology in engineering, such as specific engineering projects for retaining wall, road filling, shock absorption, and vibration isolation. This review will be of great significance and broad prospects for the reuse of waste tires and the development of geotechnical engineering.
... Dilation of mixtures increased when amount of tire chip content increases. El-Sherbiny et al. (2013) conducting triaxial test on sand-tire crumb mixtures which have 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% tire crumbs by weight. Triaxial test results revealed that, deviatoric stress decrease, axial strain at failure increase, elasticity modulus E 50 decreases and mixture becomes less dilatant. ...
Population increases everyday which yields to usage of more vehicles for transportation of people and goods which causes increased amount of produced and scrap tires. Storage of scrap tires requires large areas which can be a problem. Scrap tires can also damage environmental, susceptible to fire and may cause health problems for people. Civil engineering applications such as construction of embankments and retaining walls can be a good option for using scrap tires in an environmental friendly way. Mixing some amount of scrap tire with soil to construct embankment and retaining wall can serve as a safe deposition of scrap tires and meet deformation requirements. Therefore, strength properties of scrap tires and soil mixtures should be investigated and determined. In this study, tire crumbs are mixed with sand, fine soil and sand-fine soil’s various mixtures. Mixtures are prepared by adding 10%, 20% and 30% tire crumbs by weight of mixtures. Maximum unit weight and optimum water content are determined. Direct shear test is conducted to determine shear strength properties, shear modulus and dilatancy behaviour of mixtures. Tire crumbs decreases unit weight of soil, increases angle of friction of soil. Optimum amount of tire crumb is found 20% of the soil.
... 1996; Tatlisoz et al. 1998;Zornberg et al. 2004;Ghazavi and Sakhi 2005;Rao and Dutta 2006). However, studies by Masad et al. (1996), Youwai and Bergado (2003), Cabalar (2011), El-Sherbiny et al. (2013, and Sheikh et al. (2013) have reported that the shear strength of sand decreases due to the addition of tire crumbs, contradicting some of the preceding studies. Hence, for the use of SRM in geo-base isolation, the bearing capacity and settlement of the foundation may be of primary concern. ...
To mitigate earthquake-related damage to buildings, a simple alternative method to conventional base isolation techniques is to provide a geo-base isolation (GBI) system, composed of a scrap tire-sand mixture, between the base of the building foundation and the supporting soil medium. The GBI system should possess adequate dynamic stiffness and damping properties, as well as enough shear strength to resist both static and seismic loads. This study focused on the use of geogrid reinforcement to improve the bearing capacity, settlement, and rotational aspects of a shallow foundation resting on a GBI layer under static loading. Load tests were carried out on a model footing resting on GBI layer with and without geogrid reinforcement in a sand-bed tank setup. Finite-element-based numerical modeling of the footing on the GBI system with geogrid was also carried out, and the computed results were compared with those measured from the experiments. Parametric studies were carried out using the developed finite-element model to arrive at an optimum thickness of the GBI layer, number of geogrid layers, depth of placement of first geogrid, and length of geogrids. The results from the study indicate that the bearing capacity of the GBI layer can be increased up to three times by providing double-layered geogrid reinforcements with a substantial reduction in the settlement.
The increase in the volume of scrap tires has led to environmental concerns in different locations of the world, particularly in the coastlines. Managing this solid waste, including reuse in civil engineering applications (e.g. geotechnical projects) can be an effective solution to solve the problem. A series of drained triaxial tests was performed on Qeshm calcareous soil obtained from Qeshm Island. Specimens were prepared at loose and dense relative densities and mixed with different percentages of tire crumbs (TCs), including 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50%. The variation ratio parameter was introduced to evaluate the effect of TCs on the engineering properties of the soil-tire mixture. Based on the results, the stress–strain behavior of the calcareous soil was strongly influenced by TCs contents. As the tire content (TC) increases, the stress transfer mechanism changes from particle-particle to tire-tire, which results in a shear strength reduction. For an example, the addition of 50% of TCs to the calcareous soil resulted in a 64% reduction in the maximum deviatoric stress under a confining pressure of 600 kPa. In addition, the secant modulus at maximum deviatoric strength of the soil-tire mixture with 50% of TCs decreased about 80%.
