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UV-visible spectra of (a) S. didymobotrya methanolic root extract and (b) CuNPs synthesized from S. didymobotrya methanolic root extract.
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The economic burden and high mortality associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria is a major public health concern. Biosynthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) could be a potential alternative to combat bacterial resistance to conventional medicine. This study for the first time aimed at optimizing the synthesis conditions (concentration of coppe...
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Secondary metabolite compounds in plants act as bioreductors in the metal reduction process and complement inorganic reductants. This study studied the characteristics of copper nanoparticles using Carica Dieng (Carica pubescens) seed extract. The synthesis of copper nanoparticles was carried out using the green synthesis method by reducing CuSO4 1...
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... This color change is indicative of the formation of CuNPs and is attributed to the bioactive compounds present in the bioflocculant facilitating this reduction process [57]. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak appeared at 583 nm (Figure 3b), confirming the formation of CuNPs [58]. The absence of an absorption band at 280 nm in the CuNP spectrum suggests a lack of aromatic amino acids or organic compounds typically associated with proteins, further distinguishing these nanoparticles from the bioflocculant [59]. ...
... The microbial bioflocculant revealed the greatest flocculating performance of 82% at 0.4 dosages in this study (published) [85], indicating that this will be effective for copper NPs synthesized using bioflocculant derived from Alcalegenis faecalis. Sadia, Cherutoi [58] reported a concentration of 0.0125 mg/mL for the synthesized copper nanoparticles using Senna didymobotrya extract. ...
... These findings align with previous research by Ebrahimi, Shiravand [89], which reported potent antimicrobial effects of CuNPs synthesized from Capparis spinosa fruit extract against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Sadia, Cherutoi [58] found that the copper nanoparticles produced through biological synthesis showed strong antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The zones of inhibition were measured at 26.00 ± 0.58 mm for E. coli and 30.00 ± 0.58 mm for S. aureus. ...
Nanotechnology offers effective solutions for removing contaminants and harmful bacteria from polluted water. This study synthesized copper nanoparticles using a carbohydrate-based bioflocculant derived from Proteus mirabilis AB 932526.1. The bioflocculant is a natural polymer that facilitates the aggregation of particles, enhancing the efficiency of the nanoparticle synthesis process. Characterization of the bioflocculant and copper nanoparticles was conducted using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and Transmission Electron Microscopy techniques to assess their properties, flocculation efficiency, and antibacterial characteristics. The optimal flocculation efficiency of 80% was achieved at a copper nanoparticle concentration of 0.4 mg/mL, while a concentration of 1 mg/mL resulted in a lower efficiency of 60%. The effects of biosynthesized copper nanoparticles on human-derived embryonic renal cell cultures were also investigated, demonstrating that they are safe at lower concentrations. The copper nanoparticles effectively removed staining dyes such as safranin (90%), carbol fuchsine (88%), methylene blue (91%), methyl orange (93%), and Congo red (94%), compared to a blank showing only 39% removal. Furthermore, when compared to both chemical flocculants and bioflocculants, the biosynthesized copper nanoparticles exhibited significant nutrient removal efficiencies for nitrogen, sulfur, phosphate, and total nitrates in coal mine and Vulindlela domestic wastewater. Notably, these biosynthesized copper nanoparticles demonstrated exceptional antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
... Based on the negative or positive charge of the bacteria, they can interact more with positive or negative NPs, respectively, and a higher zeta potential charge enhances the electrostatic attraction between NPs and bacteria in addition to producing more ROSs and dissolving faster and releasing more metal ions. This all again depends on the type of NP. [69,81] S Tang and J Zheng used a variety of coated AgNPs in a way that their zeta potential was increased from -38 mV to +40 mV against Bacillus spp. [71] The process of introducing impurity or defects into the crystal structure of NPs is called doping modification. ...
The growth of nanoscale sciences enables us to define and design new methods and materials for a better life. Health and disease prevention are the main issues in the human lifespan. Some nanoparticles (NPs) have antimicrobial properties that make them useful in many applications. In recent years, NPs have been used as antibiotics to overcome drug resistance or as drug carriers with antimicrobial features. They can also serve as antimicrobial coatings for implants in different body areas. The antimicrobial feature of NPs is based on different mechanisms. For example, the oxidative functions of NPs can inhibit nucleic acid replication and destroy the microbial cell membrane as well as interfere with their cellular functions and biochemical cycles. On the other hand, NPs can disrupt the pathogens’ lifecycle by interrupting vital points of their life, such as virus uncoating and entry into human cells. Many types of NPs have been tested by different scientists for these purposes. Silver, gold, copper, and titanium have shown the most ability to inhibit and remove pathogens inside and outside the body. In this review, the authors endeavor to comprehensively describe the antimicrobial features of NPs and their applications for different biomedical goals.
... CuO NPs modified with fucoidan have the ability to influence the apoptosis of cancer cells. Chrysin-functionalized copper nanoparticles improve the radiation effect on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vivo [14][15][16]. ...
Copper is essential for human tissue structure and metabolism, but excessive intake or accumulation can cause damage to cells. It is a necessary micronutrient for overall well-being. Organic ligands’ anticancer activity is enhanced when coordinated with copper ions. Copper and its compounds induce tumor cell death through apoptosis, angiogenesis inhibition, cuproptosis, and paraptosis.
Copper nanoparticles have shown potential in various therapies, including chemodynamic therapy, phototherapy, hyperthermia, and immunotherapy. They are also being investigated for their dual diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Copper-containing nanoparticles have antimicrobial properties and can be used in dentistry to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms. This article explores the mechanism, cytotoxic effect, and application of copper nanoparticles in head neck cancer.
Tumor cells require more copper for metabolism, and a decrease or overload can harm them. Copper-based nanomaterials offer potential for tumor therapy, but their mechanisms remain unclear. Clinical trials may face limitations due to potential tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
... Growth of nanoparticles to larger particles results in bathochromic shift to longer wavelength [16]. Similar results were reported in synthesis of collagen based AgNPs for biological use and characterization [19] and in synthesis of CuNps using Senna didymobotrya [20]. ...
... P r e p r i n t n o t p e e r r e v i e w e d 5 temperature. At lower temperature, there is agglomeration of nanoparticles [20]. At elevated temperature, crystal growth rate increases [21]. ...
... At elevated temperature, crystal growth rate increases [21]. Similar outcomes were observed by Sadia et al, in synthesis of CuNps by Senna didymobotrya root extract [20]. Fig. 2: Effect of (a) Reaction time (b) Quantity of keratin (c) concentration of copper ions and (d) temperature on the synthesis of copper nanoparticles. ...
Copper nanoparticles were synthesized using keratin extracted from sheep hooves as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed using UV-VIS, FT-IR, SEM and XRD. Formation of CuNps was manifested by color adjustment from blue to violet. Surface polariton peaks at 313 and 544 nm established existence of CuNps. FT-IR measurements on CuNps indicated peaks associated with O-H, C꓿C, CO groups. XRD measurement revealed FCC crystalline structure of CuNps. SEM measurements showed sphere-shaped particles of size ranging between 2.0-16.0 nm. The nanoparticles obtained were applied in adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. Adsorption of MB dye by Copper nanoparticles highly depended on sorption time, dosage of copper nanoparticles, temperature, initial pH and dye concentration. Equilibrium for removal of methyl blue at 25 °C was attained after 330 min with efficiency of 95 % removal of the dye attained. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm were almost equal signifying that both models could describe adsorption process at room temperature (25°C). Pseudo second order kinetics was suitable in describing sorption process while adsorption isotherms revealed that the process followed Temkins isotherm model.
... Senna didymobotrya, also referred to as popcorn senna or popcorn cassia, belongs to the Fabaceae family of plants. It has historically been utilized in African folk medicine for a variety of purposes and is native to tropical regions of Africa and Asia [28]. The laxative-like substances and phytochemicals, including anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, and alkaloids, are concentrated in the leaves and stems. ...
... Thus, the results illustrate that the biosynthe-sized CuNP surface contains various functional groups that are involved in the reduction and capping of metal NPs that can enhance their biological applications. Furthermore, Sadia et al. [30] reported that biosynthesized CuNPs using S. didymobotrya root extract have new chemical linkages, which include the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups of amino acids, on their surface [30]. These bioactive substances play a role in the biosynthesis of NPs, such as inducing the reduction, stabilizing the metal ions and eventually the potent antibacterial and antioxidant functions. ...
... Thus, the results illustrate that the biosynthe-sized CuNP surface contains various functional groups that are involved in the reduction and capping of metal NPs that can enhance their biological applications. Furthermore, Sadia et al. [30] reported that biosynthesized CuNPs using S. didymobotrya root extract have new chemical linkages, which include the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups of amino acids, on their surface [30]. These bioactive substances play a role in the biosynthesis of NPs, such as inducing the reduction, stabilizing the metal ions and eventually the potent antibacterial and antioxidant functions. ...
This study prepared copper nanoparticles using an edible leaf extract from A. monanthum (AM-CuNPs) via eco-friendly green synthesis techniques. The size, shape, crystalline nature and functional groups of the synthesized AM-CuNP particles were analyzed by a UV-VIS spectrophotometer and SEM, EDX, TEM, XRD and FT-IR instrumentation. The synthesized AM-CuNPs had spherical shapes with sizes in the range of 30–80 nm and were crystalline in nature. In addition, the AM-CuNPs were synthesized using various bioactive sources, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids and sugars that were present in an aqueous broth of A. monanthum. Furthermore, the AM-CuNPs possessed good antibacterial properties against selected major disease-causing pathogenic bacteria, such as E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The antioxidant activity of AM-CuNPs exhibited potent free radical scavenging activities in DPPH, ABTS and H2O2 radical assays. In addition, in silico analysis of the AM-CuNPs was performed, including ADME prediction, and molecular simulation docking on the secondary metabolites identified in the edible plant extract was used to evaluate their anti-inflammatory applications. In particular, the molecular docking scores showed that alliin, apigenin, isorhamnetin, luteolin and myricetin have sufficient binding energy and top values as inhibitors of the protein target involved in the inflammation signaling cascade.
... It is frequently employed as a laxative and purgative in East Africa, owing to the presence of anthraquinones and their glycoside derivatives. When given as a root or leaf decoction, S. didymobotrya promotes lactation and induces uterine contractions and abortion [147]. ...
Underutilized legumes are common crops in developing countries with superior dietary potentials that could be useful sources of protein as well as some phytoconstituents. They are more tolerant of abiotic environmental conditions like drought than the major legumes. This makes them more adapted to harsh soil and climatic conditions, which helps to minimize the pressure brought on by climate change. However, despite their potential, underutilized legumes have been greatly overlooked compared to the major legumes due to supply constraints. Underutilized legumes in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae are better suited for use as animal feeds with little or no value as food for humans, and the extracts and infusions of the different parts of plant species in this subfamily are traditionally used for the treatment of different diseases. In addition, underutilized legumes in this subfamily contain phytoconstituents that are of pharmacological relevance, some of which have been isolated, characterized and evaluated for use in the treatment of a variety of disorders. Therefore, this review describes the medicinal activities of some selected underutilized legumes from five genera in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae as well as their phytoconstituents, which could be exploited as lead compounds for drug discovery.
... Increased amounts of Cuminum cyminum (cumin) extract [137] and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) [138] resulted in increased size of Ag NPs. In one study, the concentration of the precursor molecule was optimized to obtain larger NP size from root extract of Senna didymobotrya (Popcorn Cassia) [139]. Additionally, when precursors are added in combined form, a blended nanocomposite is formed. ...
Advanced agronomic methods, urbanisation, and industrial expansion contaminate air, water and soil, globally. Agricultural and industrial activities threaten living biota, causing biodiversity loss and serious diseases. Strategies such as bioremediation and physiochemical remediation have not been effectively beneficial at treating pollutants. Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) such as copper, zinc, silver, gold, etc., in various nanoformulations and nanocomposites are used more and more as they effectively resist the uptake of toxic compounds via plants by facilitating their immobilisation. According to studies, bio-based NP synthesis is a recent and agroecologically friendly approach for remediating environmental waste, which is effective against carcinogens, heavy metal contamination, treating marine water polluted with excessive concentrations of phosphorus, nitrogen and harmful algae, and hazardous dye- and pesticide-contaminated water. Biogenic resources such as bacteria, fungi, algae and plants are extensively used for the biosynthesis of NPs, particularly metallic NPs. Strategies involving green synthesis of NPs are nontoxic and could be employed for commercial scale production. Here, the focus is on the green synthesis of NPs for reduction of hazardous wastes to help with the clean-up process.
... The synthesized CuNPs were dispersed in distilled water and measured for particle size analysis using a particle size analyzer with a laser diode detector [Sadia, B. O et al.,2021]. ...
... The reaction mixture was incubated in dark at room temperature for 30min and OD was measured at 517nm. Ascorbic acid and methanol were used as positive and negative controls respectively [Sadia, B. O et al.,2021]. The free radical scavenging activity was determined using the formula1, ...
Plant extracts mediated nanoparticles synthesis is an emerging, eco-friendly and non-toxic method adoptable for nanoparticles fabrication. In this study, Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have been synthesized via green synthesis method using aqueous Alpinia officinarum root extract as the reducing agent. The green synthesized CuNPs were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis (PSA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopies. The SEM imaging and PSA analysis revealed that the green synthesized CuNPs have spherical morphology with size ranging from 30-50nm. The biological activities of the CuNPs were investigated via Total Anti-oxidant activity, DPPH assay, H2O2 radical scavenging activity and anti-microbial well diffusion assay. The results shows that the A.officinarum root extract mediated CuNPs exhibits bactericidal potential against Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus which can be adopted for wound healing applications.
... Therefore, it could be concluded that a higher precursor concentration can accelerate nanoparticle formation. In addition, a study that performed precursor optimization for the green synthesis of Cu nanoparticles from Senna didymobotrya root extract utilised CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O at concentrations of 0.0125, 0.03125, and 0.05 M [196]. This study revealed that the higher the precursor concentration, the higher the nanoparticle size. ...
... This study revealed that the higher the precursor concentration, the higher the nanoparticle size. The authors noted this could be due to a low concentration of Cu ions reducing the chance of Cu-Cu interactions and, hence, reducing agglomeration [196]. Thus, the formation rate and size of synthesised nanoparticles can be controlled via altering the precursor concentration. ...
... In addition, lower pH can cause nanoparticles to experience high electrostatic repulsion which reduces the chances of agglomeration and, thus, yields nanomaterials of smaller size [196]. Conversely, in a more alkaline condition such as pH 10, the low electrostatic forces of the nanoparticles allow further particle growth and agglomeration, which produces larger nanomaterials [65,196]. It is worth noting that during the plantmediated synthesis process, the pH of the medium will drop as the Cu 2+ ions cause Interestingly, nanoparticle synthesis rate and size behave differently under a given reaction temperature increment, as the conversion rate increases whereas nanoparticle size decreases with increasing reaction temperatures. ...
Plants have been used for multiple purposes over thousands of years in various applications such as traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda. More recently, the special properties of phytochemicals within plant extracts have spurred researchers to pursue interdisciplinary studies uniting nanotechnology and biotechnology. Plant-mediated green synthesis of nanomaterials utilises the phytochemicals in plant extracts to produce nanomaterials. Previous publications have demonstrated that diverse types of nanomaterials can be produced from extracts of numerous plant components. This review aims to cover in detail the use of plant extracts to produce copper (Cu)-based nanomaterials, along with their robust applications. The working principles of plant-mediated Cu-based nanomaterials in biomedical and environmental applications are also addressed. In addition, it discusses potential biotechnological solutions and new applications and research directions concerning plant-mediated Cu-based nanomaterials that are yet to be discovered so as to realise the full potential of the plant-mediated green synthesis of nanomaterials in industrial-scale production and wider applications. This review provides readers with comprehensive information, guidance, and future research directions concerning: (1) plant extraction, (2) plant-mediated synthesis of Cu-based nanomaterials, (3) the applications of plant-mediated Cu-based nanomaterials in biomedical and environmental remediation, and (4) future research directions in this area.
