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The paper contains a presentation of new approaches to solving the problem of identifying critical infrastructure elements in the railway sub-sector. The research objective was to analyse the procedures which are used to identify the potential elements of critical infrastructure in the transportation sector. Specific attention is paid to criteria o...
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... importance I S : detailed analysis of an object for the purpose of defining its typology and attributes. On the basis of assessment of specific parameters of typological objects -bridges, tunnels, stations, etc., it is possible to determine the value of the Index I S , following the predefined matrices of individual groups of typological groups (Fig. 3). For each typological group, the Specific Index of Object Importance Is is determined by the ...
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Citations
... The application of the mathematical model developed is demonstrated on critical elements in a selected area of the Czech Republic. Another study uses the importance index to determine the weight of certain critical infrastructure elements and, thus, the need for protection [3]. ...
... • Single-track regional line that can easily be replaced by bus: 0. 3 With the partial flexibility analysis of RDSI, the conclusions regarding individual railway lines (station intervals) can be expanded with the role of the line in economic and social life. The weighting of the number of scheduled trains according to the type of the lines and the substitutability of trains (the ability to cancel running trains based on their role in economic and social life) can further specify the defense capabilities of a railway line. ...
Rail transport is used not only by the civil sector but also by military transportation. This duality makes it crucial to maintain the functionality and security of the system. This research aims to determine the combined impact on maintaining the sector's functionality by analyzing the elements of civil transport safety and military defense security. The result of the research is the definition of a new evaluation index (RDSI) as a synthesis of the
security and security factors, which can consider transport safety and defense security requirements. The calculated value of the index provides an idea of the civil safety and military security improvements needed on a railway line, thus increasing the level of protection and resilience of a country. Further use of the index can help to identify weak points of the rail transport system, give an idea of the protective utility of a railway line, find bypasses, and improve the impact of climate change on rail transport. The
effectiveness of the index is demonstrated through a case analysis.
... Based on the principles proposed in the digitalization model structures such as RAMI, CDT among others (Zheng, Lu and Kiritsis, 2021), the scheme shown in Figure 8 introduces a new concept that allows it's adaptation to the railway industry, this takes charge of the way in which the minimum units of value are defined in a railway context, which will be classified as both network units or discrete units (Leitner et al., 2017). We have called this concept a Functional System Unit. ...
Defining the existence of a digital asset, integrating multiple platforms that represent its entities digitally, and simultaneously meeting the specific demands of the operational context of railway infrastructure systems represents an unresolved challenge for this industry. This study focuses on the search for commonalities, complementing the perspectives of the scientific community and research centers with real-world applications. From there, the development of a framework presented in our research emerges, capturing both the state of the art and practice, providing a starting point for the development of scientific discussions and the search for future models that offer an effective solution to the problem. The integration of maintenance management models with architectures for the development of digital twins in Industry 4.0, and the applied study of the railway industry itself, are part of the foundation of this study. Seeking to adhere to the principles already proposed for Industry 4.0, the scheme introduces new relationship factors that will be prototyped in the industry, especially in railway infrastructures, allowing for scalability and the digitization of processes as crucial as the criticality assessment for asset prioritization.
... Railway track structure elements refer to rails and track bed, which represent the most critical elements in the railway track structure as mentioned in the works of the Capra [15]; Dvořák et al. [21]; Leitner et al. [53] and Urbancová and Sventeková [87]. The authors use the term 'RailGIM' to describe geometric information models of railway track structure elements and focus only on double-track railways as they make up 70% of the existing railway network in the UK and Europe [27]. ...
Geometric information modelling from point cloud data (PCD) is a fundamental step of the digital twinning process for rail infrastructure. Currently, this onerous procedure outweighs the anticipated benefits of the resulting model and expends 74% of the modellers' effort on converting PCD to a model. The cost of the resulting geometric information models (GIM) can be reduced by automating the modelling process. State-of-the-art methods cannot offer large-scale GIM generation required over kilometres without forfeiting precision and manual cost. This paper addresses the challenge of achieving such automation by leveraging the highly stand-ardised topology of railways to automatically generate GIMs of rail track structures. The method first automatically segments rails and track beds, delivering labelled point clusters of track structure elements. Next, it converges the segmented rails with pre-defined parametric assemblies of different rail profiles and uses a mesh-based approach to reconstruct the geometry of the track bed, delivering industry foundation classes (IFC) files of railway track structure elements. Experiments on 18.5 km railway PCDs yielded an average segmentation of 98.1% and 94.9% F1 scores and overall modelling accuracy of 3.5 cm and 2.8 cm root mean square error (RMSE)s for rails and track beds. The proposed method can realise an estimated time savings of 88.9% without needing any manual inputs.
... Based on the principles proposed in the digitalization model structures such as RAMI, CDT among others (Zheng, Lu and Kiritsis, 2021), the scheme introduces a new concept that allows it's adaptation to the railway industry, this takes charge of the way in which the minimum units of value are defined in a railway context, which will be classified as both network units or discrete units (Leitner et al., 2017). We have called this concept a Functional System Unit. ...
Defining the existence of a digital asset, integrating multiple platforms that represent the element digitally and at the same time meeting the context and operational demand of railway infrastructure systems, represents an unresolved challenge for this industry. This study focuses on the search for common minimums, complementing the perspectives of the scientific community/research centers, with the real applications of models at European level. Finally, converges in the development of a scheme that collects the state of the art and praxis, providing a starting point for the development of scientific discussion and the search for future models that provide an effective solution to the problem. The integration of maintenance management models with architectures for the development of digital twins in industry 4.0, and the applied study of the railway industry itself, are part of the basis of study. Seeking to respect the principles already proposed for industry 4.0, the scheme presents new relationship factors, which will be prototyped in the industry, particularly railway infrastructures.
... The results of numerous studies [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] have shown an increased propensity of rail vehicles with IRWs to derailment by climbing of the wheel flange on a rail head. The absence of longitudinal creep forces when the IRW moves on a rail means that the friction forces in the wheel/rail contact act entirely in the lateral direction. ...
... where: KNad -is the normalized Nadal factor, which reflects the limit of the ratio G/V, [KN] -is the limit value for the stability coefficient. (18) where: μ -is the friction coefficient of friction between the flange and the rail head. G -the horizontal force of pressure of the attacking wheel on the rail; β -the angle of inclination of the generatrix of the wheel flange to the horizontal line; V -the vertical force of pressure of the attacking wheel on the rail; ...
This work is focused on the possible ways of improving the running safety of a railway vehicle, which uses IRWs (independently rotating wheels) in a bogie. It discusses the main positive and negative properties of an application of IRWs for a railway vehicle while it is running in a curve. There are evaluated running properties of a railway vehicle in terms of safety for IRWs and a standard wheelset (SW). It is assumed that a wheelset design with IRWs will reduce the risk of derailment of a railway vehicle in a curve with a smaller radius because it will be reached a more favourable distribution of decisive forces in the wheel/rail contact. A designed wheelset with IRWs differs from other IRWs designs; in this case, only a flange can rotate independently from a wheel treat surface about the axis of rotation. Further, this research presents an analysis of a friction forces distribution of the friction forces in a contact of a flange and a rail head and a comparison with an SW. The obtained results allow concluding that it is advisable to use the wheels with the perspective wheel design (including independently rotating) to reduce the resistance to movement and improve the running properties of a railway vehicle for safety.
... Simulation calculations are focused mainly on the investigation of the dynamics of a rail vehicle mechanical system. It is most often excited by track irregularities [4][5][6]. Other phenomena are also important, such as quasistatic equilibrium states evaluated during running in curves, further eigenfrequencies and related eigenmodes, transfer functions, etc. [7][8][9][10]. ...
Simulation computations represent a very effective tool for investigating operational characteristics and behaviours of vehicles without having a real product. The rail vehicles sector is typical, in that simulation computations including multibody modelling of individual vehicles (i.e., wagons) as well as entire trainsets are widely used. In the case of designing rail vehicles, running safety and ride comfort are two of the most important assessment areas. The presented work is focused on the research of the dynamical effects of a rail vehicle while running on a railway track created in a commercial multibody model. There is a lot of research focused on the investigation of dynamic performances while a rail vehicle is running on a flexible railway track. The real operation of a rail vehicle meets problems on track, where the stiffness-damping parameters of a railway track vary in transient sections (e.g., the exit of a tunnel). This work brings a contribution to research related to the assessment of the dynamic response of a rail vehicle on a chosen track section. A passenger railway vehicle is chosen as a reference multibody model. Simulation computations were performed for three different railway track models, i.e., for a rigid track model and for a flexible track model defined in two different manners. The stiffness-damping parameters of the rail vehicle are defined symmetrically in relation to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, e.g., they are the same values for the left and right side. The centre of gravity is not located symmetrically, but it is partially shifted in the lateral direction. This can be observed in the results of wheel forces and their waveforms. There are evaluated values and waveforms of the vertical wheel forces, the lateral wheel forces and the derailment quotient. The obtained results have revealed the influence of the railway track formulation in the model on the output parameters.
... These entities include the police, sports associations, the state, football clubs, municipalities, travel agencies, carriers, fan clubs. According to stakeholders, the only way to tackle this problem adequately is to tackle it together so that the development and culture of sport can progress [3,5]. ...
Organizing sporting events brings with it some of risks. One of the potential risks is the transfer of fans to sporting events. Fans often use railway station to move. It is at the point of their exit at the railway station that a process begins in which the event organizers, local and state security forces, the railway police and other participating subjects begin to be responsible for the security situation in a diversified manner. Football and hockey matches have long been one of the riskiest events in the Slovak Republic. Despite the currently epidemic situation, which restricts the movement of people between countries, districts, but also the overall very limited sometimes restricted participation of spectators in sporting events, it is necessary to explore ways to improve the situation when the society will operate as in previous years. In addition to material losses during the transfer and departure of fans to events or returning to the railway station, there is also a risk of health damage to the health and lives of disinterested people.
... The results of studies [1][2][3] have shown certain peculiarities of the movement this wheel regarding to a rail and the possibility of reduction of the slip speed in a flange contact. This, in turn, leads to reducing the running resistance of a wheel and also wear in contact surfaces [4][5][6]. In this regard, it seems to be appropriate to further study the possibilities of reducing the running resistance of rail vehicles by means of using the PWD wheels. ...
The article presents the research aimed at the description of a mathematical model of the movement of a railway wagon on a railway track. With the help of mathematical modelling, studies of running resistance of a wagon with wheels of various design schemes have been carried out. Two wheel designs are compared, namely the design of a traditional wheel design (TWD) with a monolithic tread surface and the flange and the perspective wheel design (PWD), which allows an independent rotation of the wheel tread surface (a tread surface) and its guiding surface, i.e. its flange. Potential advantages of using the wheels of a promising design scheme in a bogie of a railway wagon are revealed, which consist in reducing running resistance.
... The research is based on the task of reducing costs, labor-intensive maintenance, improving the quality of maintenance, reducing the time to restore the operational condition of vehicles with timely detection of the idle shock absorbers and their subsequent replacement during operation, improving the economic efficiency of operation, transportation and help to carriers to secure themselves against accidents on tracks and breakdowns during operation [49][50][51]. ...
In principle, every vehicle is equipped by a suspension system, which usually consists of springs and shock absorbers. The main purpose of the suspension system is to eliminate vibration of sprung and unsprung masses. Therefore, the proper operation conditions of the shock absorbers affect in a fundamental way total running properties of vehicles. However, during operation, shock absorbers are being worn out or they can even be damaged. Then, such a situation is unwanted and it has to be detected as soon as possible. The content of this article is focused on analysis of vehicles’ shock absorbers defects. Methods for detection of possible shock absorbers faults are presented. Further, a proposal of the method for detection of a state of a hydraulic shock absorber during its operation is presented. The method uses identification of the temperature change of a hydraulic shock absorber during operation.
... Somewhat better indicators for the reduction of flange wear intensity of the wheels in curves has been reached for railway wagons bogies with a semi-forced guidance of wheelsets (a passive mechanism of the radial guidance). However, experiences of the use of the passive mechanisms for the radial guidance of wheelsets Symmetry 2021, 13, 1955 3 of 15 in order to reduce wheel flange wear in curves on European railways has not been very successful [21][22][23][24][25]. ...
The main objective of this work is to study the possibilities of improving the running safety of a railway wagon with independently rotating wheels by changing their design symmetrically mounted on an axle. The article provides a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of using the independently rotating wheels in a bogie of railway wagons. Their increasing tendency of derailment is described. The influence of a perspective constructive scheme (PKS) of railway wagon wheels in comparison with a traditional constructive scheme (TKS) on running safety due to the climbing of a wheel flange onto a rail is studied. This work introduces a conceptual proposition of a technical solution to railway wheel design as well as containing the results of both analytical calculations as well as the results of multibody simulations. A PKS wheel design for a railway wheel is designed that allows independent rotation of its tread surface and of a guiding surface (i.e., of a flange) to each other, which both are arranged symmetrically on a wheelset axle. It brings features of the distribution of friction forces generating in a flange contact when the wheel with a TKS and with PKS move on a rail. It is possible to conclude with the help of the obtained results that the use of wheels with the PKS is advisable for the reduction of the running resistance as well as for increasing the running safety of railway wagons.
