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Renewable energies can play an important role to provide electricity to
rural communities .This work study the design optimization of a hybrid
hydro-wind , micro-power system in a rural area . Six case studies, including
the impact of hydro head, flow rate ,efficiency, and head loss for micro
hydropower with wind turbine hub height were implemented...
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Context 1
... hydropower is a technique use moving water of the river to produce electricity in isolated regions with negligible environmental impact. Micro hydro system (as in Fig.1) is comprised of a number of components, the most important incorporate the intake where water is redirected from the natural stream, river, or maybe a waterfall. In temperate climates, this structure must resist ice as well. ...
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Air pollution can have a repercussion on human health. Economic activity and non-renewable use can lead to pollution. CO2 emissions are widely used by previous studies as a proxy for environmental degradation. CO2 emissions exhibit upward trends in most countries including developing countries. The environmental issue has set alarm bells ringing; t...
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... It is basically the conversion of wind energy into mechanical energy from the turbine to finally generate electricity. We can say that the hourly energy generated (EWEG) by a wind turbine of nominal power (PWEG) is determined by the following formulas (Abdel-hamed et al., 2019;Ali et al., 2019): For the simulation, a Bergey Excel 10-R DC wind turbine with an estimated life span of 20 years has been used. ...
The integration of renewable energy technologies and the consequent reduction in investment costs has led to an increase in the use of distributed energy resources (DER), which has allowed the deployment of more and more microgrids. Despite the many benefits that can be derived from microgrids, they still face many barriers to participating in the electricity industry compared to traditional grids. This paper proposes to address the implications of installing renewable energy in the parish 5 de Agosto, Stone Mine Sector of the city of Esmeraldas, through a technical-economic analysis of the implementation of a microgrid using the HOMER network software. The analysis shows that implementing a microgrid for renewable energy production significantly reduces total costs, unit energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions over the entire project life cycle. Finally, it is concluded that the photovoltaic matrix produces 82.3%, wind turbines 15.3% and the contribution from the grid is 2.45% of the total energy, respectively. The percentage of renewable energies in the system is 100%.
... cuando la producción de los sistemas eólico y solar no satisface la carga no y cuando el almacenamiento de la batería se agota. La energía horaria generada (EDEG) por un generador diésel con potencia nominal (PDEG) se define por la ecuación siguiente (Abdel-hamed et al., 2019;Mejbel Ali et al., 2018): ...
... La energía horaria generada (EWEG) por un aerogenerador con potencia nominal (PWEG) se define mediante las siguiente formulas(Abdel-hamed et al., 2019;Mejbel Ali et al., 2018): ...
Una gran parte de la población mundial vive en zonas rurales geográficamente aisladas, remotas y escasamente pobladas. Las nano redes que emplean sistemas energéticos híbridos (HES) basados en la energía fotovoltaica (FV) y los parques eólicos se consideran una opción eficaz para electrificar zonas remotas y aisladas que están lejos de las redes convencionales. Esto es aplicable a zonas que reciben altos promedios de radiación solar y suficiente velocidad media velocidad del viento anualmente. En esta investigación, se modeló, simuló y optimizó una nano red de CC híbrida solar fotovoltaica y eólica, con almacenamiento de energía y un generador diésel de. Se realizó un estudio del emplazamiento y se obtuvieron datos sobre el recurso eólico y la radiación solar para calcular la carga. solar para la previsión de la carga y la modelización del sistema. Se utilizó el software HOMER para la modelización del sistema. sistema. La optimización del coste mínimo del sistema se llevó a cabo de la instalación, teniendo en cuenta los costes de los componentes del sistema, la radiación solar horaria y los parámetros de calificación como entradas en el programa de simulación. Se especificaron las variables de sensibilidad para examinar el efecto de sus incertidumbres en el rendimiento del sistema. El análisis económico y medioambiental indicó que es más aconsejable electrificar los asentamientos remotos utilizando una nano red de CC basada en sistemas híbridos con múltiples fuentes renovables, ya que tienen menores costes de funcionamiento y son más ambiental debido a la menor dependencia de las unidades generadoras de diésel. de las unidades de generación diesel.
... Four perspectives emerged on the importance of run-of-river from the analysis done where it maintains regional control, fights climate change, promotes citizen wellbeing, and protects natural ecosystem (Venus et al., 2020). (Varun et al., 2010;Kaunda et al., 2012;Dave et al., 2015;Mejbel Ali et al., 2018) Clean Energy Using Hydroelectric Generation from Rivers ...
Currently, energy security and environmental protection are two of the major concerns the world is facing. Electricity generation, being one of the fastest growing and most polluting sectors, needs to be improved with incorporation of efficient, sustainable, cost-effective and eco-friendly fuels and methods. Biomass can be such a fuel as it is abundantly available and carbon neutral. For generation of electricity from biomass, combustion, gasification and digestion can be utilized. This chapter focusses on the biomass digestion (BD) for generation of electricity. It consists of four steps, namely, pretreatment, anaerobic digestion, gas cleaning and electricity generation. Pretreatment consists of physical, chemical and/or biological operations to expose sites for microbial attack. In anaerobic digestion, biomass is converted into biogas, mainly consisting methane (CH4), in the absence of air by the action of microorganisms. Anaerobic digestion mainly follows four major steps, i.e. hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. The undesirable components in resultant biogas, such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and particle traces, can cause corrosion in the downstream equipment and can reduce thermal efficiency of the process. Therefore, gas cleaning and upgradation is employed to overcome such challenges. The chemical energy of the biogas can be converted into electricity using it in external and internal combustion engines and/or fuel cells. Alternatively, pressurized steam can be produced by biogas combustion to drive steam turbines. In addition, methane-rich biogas can be utilized in a reformer to produce syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), to drive combined cycle and/or to produce variety of chemicals including gaseous and liquid fuels.KeywordsBiomassDigestionBiogasRenewable energyMathematical modelLife cycle assessmentHydrolysisAcidogenesisAcetogenesisMethanogenesis
... Typical run-of-river hydropower components [1] . ...
... Force exerted by stream will push wheel, which creates a revolving movement in the wheel that is sent to an assortment of motors through the shaft at the focal point of wheel. [1] These wheels are enormous and made out of wood or metal with numerous buckets/blades along the edge of the wheel to capture the force exerted by the water flow. ...
Hydroelectricity is electricity produced by the generators that are pushed by the water movement. This is one of the widely used sustainable power. One of the major advantages of the hydro power after constructing the plant is wastage is not created.22% of the word power is generated by hydroelectricity, which constitutes around about 78% of power from inexhaustible natural resources. The yearly hydroelectric creation of India is 115.6 TWh with an introduced limit is 33.6 GW. Miniature hydro is a word utilized for hydroelectric force establishments that commonly produce a power up to 300 KW of intensity. These establishments can give capacity to a disconnected home or little network of sloping territories, or are here and there associated with electric force organizations. There are a considerable lot of these establishments around the globe, especially in agricultural countries as they can give a prudent wellspring of energy without acquisition of fuel. In the current paper an endeavor is made to portray the different parts of miniature hydro for creation of power in uneven regions like site evaluation, development and attributes, job of miniature hydro in supportable improvement and so forth.
... Four perspectives emerged on the importance of run-of-river from the analysis done where it maintains regional control, fights climate change, promotes citizen wellbeing, and protects natural ecosystem (Venus et al., 2020). (Varun et al., 2010;Kaunda et al., 2012;Dave et al., 2015;Mejbel Ali et al., 2018) ...
In today’s world, many countries, especially developing countries, are facing energy crisis, an increase in industrialization for development programs being the apparent reason. Fossil fuels being the most prominent source for the energy production are having an adverse effect on our environment. Also, with the rate, we are exploiting the energy resources; fossils fuels may be a principal source of energy that may see its end in the near future. If we continue to meet this demand using conventional methods like thermal power plants, environmental pollution is the most prominent aspect that we will have to continue to compromise. While pollution and climate change are the biggest challenges in the modern era, switching our attention to renewable energy sources to meet our energy demands can be the best feasible solution. Out of different renewable energy sources available, hydropower is the most readily available and clean sources of renewable energy worldwide. It can be considered as the leading source of renewable energy across the world. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to study the different ways to harness hydropower such as using static head, kinetic head, or any other disruptive technology. Environmental aspect of hydropower has also been studied. A review of different technologies such as hydrokinetic, vortex flow turbine, and water wheels have been carried out along with conventional hydropower. Thus, our effort has emphasized hydropower’s overall scenario as the most reliable renewable energy source with more emphasis on small hydropower. This book chapter aims to discuss the hydropower production scenario and its all-around aspects and efforts, which are made to develop it as the most significant factor for the sustainable future.KeywordsClean energyHydroelectric generationEnergyRiversHydrokineticHead
Energy is playing a more fundamental function in human growth and advancement. Many rural households in developing nations, like South Africa, are still lacking access to basic electricity due to being located far away from the national grid and grid expansion to these areas is quite expensive. Fewer rural communities are electrified through the use of diesel and grid systems of which are having a high operating and maintenance cost and are the biggest carbon emissions producers. The deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) based microgrid systems are considered as a more viable approach to supply power to rural communities in the world. RE-based microgrid systems have the greatest potential to meet load demand, improve quality of life and create job opportunities, and provide electricity access for rural communities of SA. In this study, a case study is utilized to design and simulate a suitable grid-tied hybrid microgrid system architecture for rural communities’ conditions. The study selected three isolated rural communities (Tjiane, Phosiri, and Malekapane villages) of Ga-Mphahlele in Limpopo province (SA) as case studies, and these communities have similar weather conditions because they are located in close proximity. The unreliable national grid system is the main source of power in these communities while diesel generators (DG) are used as backup system during load shedding. In this study, HOMER software was used to design a grid-tied hybrid microgrid power system of which will help with eradicating system power failure and load shedding from the national grid. Based on the simulation, optimization, and sensitivity analyses results show that the optimal grid-tied microgrid system architecture was proposed based on lower net present cost (NPC), lower cost of energy (COE), a maximum renewable fraction (RF), loss of power supply probability (LPSP), and the optimal system should produce fewer carbon emissions. The achieved results for all examined rural communities show that the optimum microgrid system architecture consists of a grid, solar PV, wind turbine (WT), DG, battery, and power converter is more capable of satisfying customer electricity demand in a dependable approach and provide good power quality. The results showed that Grid/PV/WT/DG/Battery/Converter is a winning hybrid microgrid system architecture that is more cost-effective and environmentally friendly with NPC of R2.973793; COE of R0.02842 and an RF of 97.8% with total emissions of 58.626 kg/yr for Tjiane, NPC of R1.836202; COE of R0.03092 and an RF of 97.9% with a total emission of 32,888 kg/yr for Phosiri, and NPC of R1.209773; COE of R0.02370 and an RF of 97.9% with total emissions of 28.002 kg/yr for Malekapane. The proposed Grid/PV/WT/DG/Battery/Converter microgrid is considered the most favorable grid-connected hybrid microgrid system architecture which is a more suitable and relaible electricity supply solution for rural communities. The results showed that sensitivity variables, financial parameters, wind speed, solar irradiations, and diesel price differences have a substantial influence on the optimal design of grid-connected hybrid power systems for rural electrification.
The increasing interest in renewable energy sources originates from the negative impacts of overexploitation and the use of fossil fuels with their damaging influence on climate change. Besides, the continuous population growth requires higher energy provision or related energy services (e.g., heated living spaces, electricity, information, mobility) with increasing environmental impacts. Consequently, the “energy supply problem” in conjunction with the underlying “environmental problem” is a major topic in resource assessment, technology development, as well as in the energy and environmental worldwide policies.
Renewable energies originate in the movement and gravitation of the planet (i.e., tidal energy, wind energy), heat stored and released by the Earth (i.e., geothermal energy), and in particular energy radiated by the Sun (i.e., solar radiation). The main renewable energy sources, without the consideration of heating systems, are presented in this chapter. The resource estimation available from different sources as well as the measurement and resource assessment techniques is illustrated.
The main renewable sources are classified and characterized in a particular location, describing the renewable energy flows and considering the spatial and time variations. The focus is on the principal variables that need to be known for the hybrid renewable energy systems design and project development.
The increasing interest in renewable energy sources originates from the negative impacts of overexploitation and the use of fossil fuels with their damaging influence on climate change. Besides, the continuous population growth requires higher energy provision or related energy services (e.g., heated living spaces, electricity, information, mobility) with increasing environmental impacts. Consequently, the “energy supply problem” in conjunction with the underlying “environmental problem” is a major topic in resource assessment, technology development, as well as in the energy and environmental worldwide policies.
Renewable energies originate in the movement and gravitation of the planet (i.e., tidal energy, wind energy), heat stored and released by the Earth (i.e., geothermal energy), and in particular energy radiated by the Sun (i.e., solar radiation). The main renewable energy sources, without the consideration of heating systems, are presented in this chapter. The resource estimation available from different sources as well as the measurement and resource assessment techniques is illustrated.
The main renewable sources are classified and characterized in a particular location, describing the renewable energy flows and considering the spatial and time variations. The focus is on the principal variables that need to be known for the hybrid renewable energy systems design and project development.
