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This research estimates nitrogen removal from stormwater runoff using a denitrifying bioretention system using the USEPA Storm Water Management Model Version 5 (SWMM-5). SWMM-5 has been used to help planners make better decisions since its development in 1971. A conventional bioretention system is a type of Low Impact Development (LID) technology,...
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... Asphalt/concrete: Fine particles are left out, to improve porosity [Bean et al., 2004]. Rain barrels are an excellent LID technology, as they are easily installed and relatively cheap; therefore making them affordable for private homeowners. Rain barrels are large contains that attach to roof gutters (Figure 2.4). A traditional home is equipped with rain gutters, which are designed to concentrate stormwater runoff to designate outlets; therefore reducing the flooding around a residential home (for example). “ ...
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... There are generally three routing methods in the SWMM model including: (a) in constant current mode (steady); (b) kinematic wave; and (c) dynamic wave [43,44]. In this study, the dynamic wave routing mode was selected to simulate the runoff routing in the study area. ...
Heavy rainfall, a natural phenomenon reinforced by climate change and global warming, can cause severe social, economic, and safety impacts. Due to the impact of climate change and global warming, heavy rainfall events have become more frequent and intense in recent years, underscoring the urgent need to develop robust stormwater management systems that can prevent related social, economic, and safety issues. This is of greater importance in developing countries. The present study identified areas in Urmia City, Iran, that require stormwater management to develop a comprehensive understanding of the hydrological processes within the study area and to prevent the subsequent effects of heavy rainfall. For this purpose, a combination of the watershed modeling system (WMS) and stormwater management model (SWMM) was employed. Also, three possible scenarios that could be implemented to address the issue of water flow in the medium were proposed. Results indicated that the scenario involving the application of a vegetative swale was the most promising solution. Overall, the results of the present study offer a valuable framework for decision-makers in regions facing heavy rainfalls to effectively manage and minimize the adverse impacts of such events.
... A hydraulic retention time of 8-10 h was considered inside the tank for effective treatment. To verify and compare the behavior of the pollutant removal equations, a similar system was described in [56], in which a bio-retention model that was developed and configured based Each NBS technology was designed or sized for a two-year rainfall event return period. The total volume of each unit of each NBS was schematized in layers, where each tank represents each layer of NBS units. ...
... The pollutant generation were modeled by use of different land-use rate, wash-off rate, event mean concentration (EMC) or reported pollutant concentrations. Several treatment equations were analyzed and used to represent different pollutant removal processes in each layer as reported in [56,80,96,109]. All the tanks were designed to perform different treatment processes, such as sedimentation, filtration, nutrient uptake and the anaerobic processes for the removal of the pollutants. A hydraulic retention time of 8-10 h was considered inside the tank for effective treatment. ...
... A hydraulic retention time of 8-10 h was considered inside the tank for effective treatment. To verify and compare the behavior of the pollutant removal equations, a similar system was described in [56], in which a bio-retention model that was developed and configured based on a development plan provided by Sarasota country in Florida was used. The aim of that study was to control the nitrogen in stormwater runoff. ...
Rapid urbanization, aging infrastructure, and changes in rainfall patterns linked to climate change have brought considerable challenges to water managers around the world. Impacts from such drivers are likely to increase even further unless the appropriate actions are put in place. Floods, landslides, droughts and water pollution are just a few examples of such impacts and their corresponding consequences are in many cases devastating. At the same time, it has become a well-accepted fact that traditional (i.e., grey infrastructure) measures are no longer effective in responding to such challenges. Nature-based solutions (NBS) have emerged as a new response towards hydro-meteorological risk reduction and the results obtained to date are encouraging. However, their application has been mainly in the area of water quantity management with few studies that report on their efficiency to deal with water quality aspects. These solutions are based on replicating natural phenomena and processes to solve such problems. The present paper addresses the question of three NBS systems, namely, bio-retention cells, vegetative swales and porous pavements, for the removal of total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) when applied in different configurations (single or networked). The results presented in this paper aim to advance the understanding of their performances during varying rainfall patterns and configurations and their potential application conditions.
... In addition, stormwater models have largely focused on vegetated filtration systems, such as grass swales and bioretentions, 17,18 where extensive laboratory and field investigations are available. Siriwardene et al. (2007) 19 used the results of laboratory experiments to test two models to predict the sediment transport through a stormwater gravel filter and found the models were able to reliably predict sediment behavior in clean filters but failed once the filter accumulated sediment. ...
Non-vegetated high-flow stormwater filters have had widespread implementation in urban areas for stormwater management due to their small footprints. Relevant studies on investigation and modelling of the clogging of these systems, however, are quite limited, especially where they are based on real field observations. In this study, the Infiltration Rates (IR) of a field stormwater harvesting system, consisting of individual high-flow modules for water filtration, was monitored over a 2.5-year time period. A simple conceptual model, comprising a rainfall runoff model and a water balance model (that includes a water distribution and linear / exponential regression model), was developed to simulate the evolution of the IR of each filter module. The field observations show that the IR of the entire system dropped from 2000 mm/hr to an average of 711 mm/hr after 2.5 years of operation, with the filters closer to the inlet having the lowest IR at the end of testing (i.e., only 167 mm/hr). The models were calibrated highly satisfactorily against a different number of field observation events, with an average Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (E) value of 0.64 and mean absolute error (MAE) value of 11.8. The validation results show that the linear regression model had better performance, with E mostly being positive (0.03 – 0.60) and MAE values (15.0-18.9) smaller than the exponential regression model (E<0 in many cases, and MAE=14.5-20.7). Compared to the results of previous laboratory experiments, data from this study indicate a slower decline rate of IR in field conditions, showing the importance of natural wetting/drying regimes for the longevity of such filters. The model could be very useful for optimisation of the design and long-term maintenance (e.g., replacement of clogged filter modular components) of modular filtration systems.
... The mean effluent concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus (mg L −1 ) for bioretention mesocosms. HRT has been reported to be crucial for nitrogen removal in BCs in many studies [57][58][59][60]. Figure 3 shows that the removal rate of nitrate was linearly related to HRT at the 1 to 3 day retention times to test, most likely reflecting first-order kinetics of denitrification in these reactors. The removal efficiencies of nitrate in each module increased with the increase in HRT. ...
... Additionally, the enhancement of heavy metal removal by the presence of SZ combined with C in BCs has been reported by numerous studies [28]. The addition of C might improve complexation between copper and organic matter, due to solid organic matter absorbing Cu as the main component [75], while the other two metals possess lower affinity to organic matter [57]. In order to investigate the role of carbon source in metal removal, metal removal by module (c) was compared with that of module (d). ...
A bioretention system is a low-impact and sustainable treatment facility for treating urban stormwater runoff. To meet or maintain a consistently satisfactory performance, especially in terms of increasing nitrogen removal efficiency, the introduction of a submerged (anoxic) zone (SZ) combined with a module-based carbon source (C) has been recommended. This study investigated the removal of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and heavy metals with a retrofitted bioretention system. A significant (p < 0.05) removal enhancement of N as well as total phosphorus (TP) was observed, in the mesocosms with additions of exogenous carbon as opposed to those without such condition. However, even in the mesocosm with SZ alone (without exogenous C), TP removal showed significant enhancement. With regard to the effects of SZ depth on nutrient removal, the results showed that the removal of both N and P in module with a shallow SZ (200 mm) showed significant enhancement compared to that in module with a deep SZ (300 mm). Removal efficiencies greater than 93% were observed for all three heavy metals tested (Cu, Pb, and Zn) in all mesocosms, even in the bioretention module without an SZ or plants, and it indicated that adsorption by the filtration media itself is probably the most important removal mechanism. Only Cu (but not Pb or Zn) showed significantly enhanced removal in module with an SZ as compared to those without an SZ. Carbon source played a minor role in metal removal as no significant (p > 0.05) improvement was observed in module with C as compared to that without C. Based on these results, the incorporation of SZ with C in stormwater biofilters is recommended.
... The digital platform chosen was Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), a simulation software for runoff conveyance in developed areas [12][13]. The runoff element of SWMM works on a group of subcatchment areas that collect stormwater and create stormwater runoff. ...
An evaluation on the applicability of bio-retention system in grassed road divider under high rainfall of equatorial region was conducted by developing computer-aided stormwater models using USEPA SWMM 5.1. The models simulated road runoffs with and without bio-retention systems. A single unit of bio-retention system tested here was 3 m in width, 6 m in length with 150 mm of ponding depth and 600 mm of soil/storage depth. Results indicated that soil types of loamy sand, sandy loam and loam showed similar performance in reducing runoff. With installation of bio-retention system, road runoff could be reduced 40-50% when subjected to 60 minutes of 2-, 5- and 10-year ARI rain events. The results obtained from the simulation were encouraging that bio-retention system in grassed road divider could function to augment the existing urban road drainage.
... Furthermore, the integrated performance of a series of LID practices (i.e., treatment train system) (Eric et al., 2013;Jayasooriya et al., 2016) and the performance of conventional drainage integrated systems in handling extreme rainfall events Kong et al., 2017) and combined sewer overflows (Montalto et al., 2007) have been evaluated using SWMM. In addition, SWMM was applied to determine the optimal selection (Yang and Chui, 2018b), design (e.g., outlet control design (Lucas and Sample, 2015) and media compositions (Masi, 2011)), and allocation of LID practices (Elliott et al., 2009;Krebs et al., 2013;Cunha et al., 2016;Giacomoni and Joseph, 2017;Garcia-Cuerva et al., 2018;Huang et al., 2018). However, SWMM is not as applicable for shallow groundwater for two major reasons. ...
Low impact development (LID) practices are effective in restoring natural hydrological processes, but they may be affected by groundwater and pose additional risk to groundwater dynamics and contamination in shallow groundwater conditions. Their performance in shallow groundwater is not well understood due to monitoring difficulty and the deficiency of modeling tools. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is an urban hydrology-hydraulic model that has been widely used to evaluate the performance of LID practices. However, it cannot accurately simulate the hydrological processes of LID practices in shallow groundwater. This study presents the development, calibration, validation, and testing of a modified SWMM (SWMM-LID-GW) that incorporates groundwater feedbacks into LID simulations. The hydrological performance of LID practices under different environmental conditions was simulated, based on which the impacts of initial groundwater table depth, rainfall type, and in-situ soil type were evaluated. A number of general nonlinear multivariate formulas were also proposed which can potentially be used to predict the hydrologic performance and support the feasibility analysis of LID practices in shallow groundwater environment. The reduction of exfiltration and increase of groundwater drainage in shallow groundwater accounted for a significant proportion of the water budget of LID practices. The influence of shallow groundwater was greater for shallower groundwater tables, in less permeable in-situ soils, and for events of higher intensities and longer durations. However, due to the dominant role of shallow groundwater, the impacts of both rainfall type and in-situ soil type on the hydrological performance of LID practices in shallow groundwater were minimal in general, in contrast to the impacts on deep groundwater tables. The SWMM-LID-GW outperformed the current SWMM for a wide range of groundwater conditions, particularly for locations in which the groundwater table frequently rises to 1.0 m or less below ground.
... An important step in the application of bioretention systems is determining the model and design according to a given area. The design and modelling tools for these systems have evolved rapidly and encompass a wide range of types that vary in terms of complexity [17][18][19][20][21]. DRAINMOD, stormwater management model (SWMM), WinSLAMM, HydroCAD, HEC-HMS, IDEAL, and WWHM are major computational hydrologic or hydraulic models used to simulate bioretention systems [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. ...
The benefits of bioretention systems are very important to the environment. Because of low knowledge in the field at a national level (in Romania), they are not promoted or implemented. The aim of this research was to develop and promote bioretention systems in Romania, with particular reference to one of the biggest urban developments: Cluj-Napoca. We used the RECARGA to determine effective models of bioretention cell for environmental conditions provided by 4 types of urban sites: commercial, industrial, high-density residential, and low-density residential areas. The bioretention modelling was made for a single event, with and without underdrain. The variables considered in the simulations were: native soil texture, hydrological conductivity, CN, and percentage of impermeable surface. Soil texture was one of the main variables that influenced the model, and is the most important element of control in the design and performance of the bioretention cell. The results also show that hydraulic conductivity has a large effect on the duration of flooding in the bioretention cell. All the details related to a bioretention cell must be carefully studied, and included in the numerical modelling in order to obtain viable bioretention systems.
... A removal algorithm for total nitrogen (TN) will be based on Masi (2011). In this thesis research, Masi used SWMM-5 to model nitrogen removal in a proposed bioretention system in Venice, Florida. ...
... Moving forward, we plan to alter the nitrogen removal algorithm created by Masi (2011) to account for the differences between our study site and Masi's site. In particular, because SMP device C does not have a specifically designed denitrification layer, we will not use equation (6-6) to describe nitrate removal via a denitrification layer. ...
... First, the SWMM GUI allows for water quality modeling in which the pollutant reduction is a function of one or more specific parameters (hydraulic residence time, flow, depth, or surface area). As noted previously, Masi (2011) has found that TKN removal can be modeled as an exponential decay function of hydraulic residence time. ...
Temple and Villanova universities collected monitoring and assessment data along the I-95 corridor to evaluate the performance of current stormwater control design and maintenance practices. An extensive inventory was developed that ranks plants in the basins according to their health and location. Three plant species performed poorly in bioretention design and alternatives are proposed. Grab samples were collected for storms approximately monthly and analyzed for a variety of road runoff constituents. Although a full year of data was not yet available, annual loading for total suspended solids (TSS) and nutrients were estimated. LiDAR data helped show that variations in basin performance occurred due to changes in stormwater capture during construction. Simulated runoff tests (SRTs) were conducted to study response during a large volume event. These SRTs were valuable in quantifying drainage areas and improving monitoring strategies. Recommendations are provided on hydrologic design, potential contaminant mobility, planting, and maintenance.
... Brief Description Capabilities References SWMM Hydrologic, hydraulic and water quality model with optional continuous simulation Detailed analysis of watershed with storage-focused LID Documentation: [95,96] Applications: [31,[109][110][111][112] Download: [113] Hydro-CAD * Hydrologic model that uses a design storm methodology to calculate runoff and detention pond routing with exfiltration option ...
The continued development of urban areas in recent decades has caused multiple issues affecting the sustainability of urban drainage systems. The increase of impervious surface areas in urban regions alters watershed hydrology and water quality. Typical impacts to downstream hydrologic regimes include higher peak flows and runoff volumes, shorter lag times, and reduced infiltration and base flow. Urban runoff increases the transport of pollutants and nutrients and thus degrades water bodies downstream from urban areas. One of the most frequently used practices to mitigate these impacts is bioretention. Despite its widespread use, research on bioretention systems remains active, particularly in terms of mix design and nitrogen treatment. Recent research focusing on bioretention is reviewed herein. The use of mesocosms provides the ability to isolate particular treatment processes and replicate variability. Computational models have been adapted and applied to simulate bioretention, offering potential improvements to their operation, maintenance, and design. Maintenance practices are important for sustained operation and have also been reviewed. Predicting maintenance is essential to assessing lifecycle costs. Within these research areas, gaps are explored, and recommendations made for future work.
