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Abstrak Pada makalah ini diusulkan dan dikembangkan sebuah generator termoelektrik (TEG) temperatur rendah menggunakan pendingin air mesin untuk kendaraan ringan. Hasil eksperimen dari kendaraan uji, yang mana ukuran mesin adalah sekitar 2,0 liter, menunjukkan bahwa purwarupa generator termoelektrik yang dibuat dapat membangkitkan lebih dari 75W un...
Citations
... The exhaust gas waste energy is proved to be the most important source of losses. In addition, its high temperature compared to the rest of the losses make this, the most useful waste source [4]. The development of TEGK material, TEGK design for waste-heat recovery (WHR), utilized number of TEGK system model and system segmented studies are investigated to assist the electrical power output and performance [5][6][7] and optimize the operation and design parameters [8][9][10]. ...
The internal combustion engine (ICE) exhaust gas temperature depends on fuel energy and combustion characteristics. The exhaust gas temperature of compressed natural gas fuel (CNG) is more than gasoline fuel and consequently, affect the thermoelectric generation (TEG) performance. This study evaluates how CNG and gasoline fuels affect exhaust temperatures, TEG power output and the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). In test setup, the engine exhaust channel is modified to support a thirty thermoelectric unit (TEM) in upper and lower of exhaust muffler; the TEM is clamped between exhaust mufflers and the cooling system to control the cold surface temperature of the TEM. The maximum power output and open circuit voltage of the TEG are described as functions of temperature difference. The electrical power output of the TEG is evaluated in terms of changing engine speed and load for both fuels. The result indicates that the CNG fuel has better temperature distribution of TEG Kit hot surface which can generate a maximum peak power output. The TEG kit can reach 178.3 W, while the gasoline fuel was 164.4 W. The average saving BSFC for a bi-fuel engine was (2.71%:3.20%) with TEG kit for both fuels.
... They experimentally investigated the performance of TEG between 1000 and 2000 rpm in a diesel engine and obtained a TEG output power of 119 W with an efficiency of 2.8% [25]. Baatar et al. designed and operated a low-temperature TEG using the engine cooling fluid of light-duty automobiles and got an output power of approximately 28 W at idle engine speed [26]. Karri et al. designed a TEG utilizing an SUV vehicle's engine coolant. ...
In this study, the recovery of heat energy lost to the engine coolant (Ec) in a liquid cooled, gas (propane) fueled spark ignition (SI) engine using a thermoe-lectric generator (TEG) is experimentally researched. A two-layer rectangular geometry TEG is designed, consisting of a propane heat exchanger (P_hex) lo-cated on the surface of an engine coolant heat exchanger (Ec_hex). 20 items of thermoelectric modules (TEMs), each 30x30 mm in dimensions, are placing between the Ec_hex and P_hex. In the TEG design, engine cooling fluid is used on the hot surface of the TEMs, and propane gas fed to the engine is used on the cold surface. In addition, with the use of the designed TEG, there is no need to use an additional evaporator for propane gas. Experiments are carried out with the designed TEG at 8 engine speeds ranging from 1500 to 5000 rpm. As a result, TEG produces 1.25 – 3.01 W of DC electrical power in the engine's 1500 – 5000 rpm range, while TEG efficiency fluctuates between 2.7 and 3.1%. However, the maximum TEG_power is 3.01 W at 5000 rpm, while the maximum TEG_efficiency is 3.1% at 1500 rpm. On the other hand, the electri-cal power of TEG between 1500 – 5000 rpm of the engine is approximately 1.1 – 1.26% of the engine charging system power. However, TEG's contribution to the charging system again decreases with the engine speed.
... Kim et al. [123] and Baatar and Kim [124] investigated the possibility of replacing the radiator with a thermoelectric generator using engine coolant as the heat source and air-cooling for heat rejection. The thermoelectric generator uses a sandwich structure that comprises a hot side block through which coolant flows and two cold side blocks with 128 integrated heat pipes connected to air-cooled heat sinks. ...
With the current emphasis on electrified vehicles, the use of internal combustion engines (ICEs) as the main propulsion source is challenged, especially for passenger cars. Even though this is not yet the case for freight transportation and the internal combustion engine is still considered the short to mid-term solution, significant improvements in its efficiency and pollutant emissions are required. An energy distribution analysis shows that the internal combustion engine already has two important heat rejection sources representing approximately 65–70% of the energy input: the exhaust gas system (∼35–40%) and the radiator (∼30%). Partially recovering some of this otherwise wasted heat can improve overall thermal efficiency. Compared to other thermal energy recovery methods (Organic Rankine Cycle, mechanical or electrical turbocompounding, etc.), thermoelectric generators have numerous advantages: environmentally friendly, no moving parts, little to no noise and vibration, no working fluids, high reliability (when working temperatures are not exceeded), low maintenance, scalable, modular, ability to operate over a wide range of transient temperature conditions, and the direct conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy. This effort seeks to bring together all aspects concerning the use of thermoelectric generators for internal combustion engine waste heat recovery in a comprehensive overview on the issue while aiding researchers and engineers in the development of efficient systems. This is accomplished by delivering two thorough summaries of both experimental and simulation results including, but not limited to the power output and parasitic losses, as well as the gain in efficiency and reduction in fuel consumption. Furthermore, this effort includes a recap of hot side heat exchanger design (e.g., external shape, internal structure, material, test temperature and gas flow velocity, etc.). As a result, the use of thermoelectric generators installed on the exhaust system and in other regions that can provide heat for power generation (i.e., radiator and exhaust gas recirculation) are fully described.
... Combined radiator and TEG waste heat recovery system [20]. ...
... Researchers have developed a waste heat recovery system to replace the conventional car radiator [19,20]. No extra moving parts were added to the modified radiator. ...
Vehicle engine cooling systems have several functions. Excess heat removal from the engine helps to rapidly cool it, quickly reach operating temperature, maintain a constant engine operating temperature, and provide heat to the vehicle's passenger compartment. Developments in the automotive industry, such as hybrid and electric vehicles, now also involve the temperature management of battery packs. Currently, the coolant used in cooling systems is water or an equivalent substance. Water as a coolant has low thermal conductivity. Therefore, researchers are trying to use nano-liquid as a coolant in the cooling system. Better results are expected by the use of this alternative. Nano-liquids contain metal particles that enhance thermal transfer properties, so current and future cooling systems could operate more efficiently. Adding phase change materials to the cooling and air handling systems will result in better efficiency in future vehicles. In the case of hybrid and electric vehicles, the addition of thermoelectric generators to cooling and exhaust systems increases efficiency. Present developments help increase a vehicles' usability and the possibility of achieving greater efficiency.
... Till now, all proposed energy recovery methods have the same principle of operation using the created temperature difference ΔT between the exhaust gases and the coolant - Fig. 1 [6]. There are also developments where the car radiator has been replaced with a specially designed voltagegenerating thermoelectric heat exchanger [7,8]. ...
Abstract — In the internal combustion engines, regardless of the fuel type they run on, about 60% of the energy is lost in the form of heat diffracted into the environment. Today, many large companies and research institutes work towards introducing thermoelectric generators into vehicles to utilize the heat generated by their work. The current paper develops and studies a compact thermoelectric generator that converts the temperature difference of working fluids into electromotive force, and is intended for integration into a car. The possibility of utilizing waste heat in the work of the internal combustion engines is been proven.
... Thermoelectric energy harvesting technique has a very high potential to transform wasteful thermal energy into electricity attributable to renewable energy sources such as human body heat, biomass waste steam storage and hot water vapor [9,10]. Thermoelectric generator is a solid state device that converts temperature differences into electrical energy as a result of the phenomenon known as the Seebeck effect [11,12]. Thermoelectric generator have several features such as high reliability and low cost performance, no maintenance required, and direct conversion without an intermediary energy conversion phase [13]. ...
This paper presents a triboelectric generator using mesoporous (PDMS) polydimethylsiloxane and gold layer which was demonstrated in energy harvesting applications. The performance of power generation by the means of triboelectric principle at a small dimension, namely triboelectric generator is characterized. In this paper, triboelectric generator device adapted vertical contact-separation operation mode, whereby the device derives power generation based on contact electrification caused by cyclic tapping motion. Being primarily a two-layer structure, this device comprises a top layer of aluminum (Al) electrode coated with mesoporous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film and another bottom layer of Al electrode coated with gold (Au) deposit. The characterization of this device is done by varying frequencies and cyclic compression force applied to triboelectric generator. The optimal performance of the 2 cm x 2 cm triboelectric generator contact surface area generated an open-circuit voltage of 4.4 V and a current of 0.1 µA at 5 Hz frequency. This research and device can be improved by magnifying the effective surface area of triboelectric generator to generate significant power for small base area.
... Green energy harvesters transduce various forms of energy such as sunlight, mechanical vibrations, ocean waves, and human body heat into electrical energy while maintaining a green energy environment [2][3]. A thermoelectric generator (TEG) is a kind of energy harvester that transmutes heat energy to electrical energy employing the principle of the Seebeck effect [4][5]. It has several features such as its high reliability and durability at low cost, no maintenance required, and direct conversion with no intermediate energy conversion process [6][7]. ...
This paper presents the modelling and simulation of a π -shaped Mg3Sb2 based thermoelectric generator. The performance of the proposed thermoelectric generator is evaluated with finite element analysis. A number of thermocouples were varied for high output power and power efficiency factor. Based on the analysis, we demonstrated that enhancement of the temperature gradient and the number of thermocouples are beneficial for high output power and power efficiency factor of Mg3Sb2 based thermoelectric generator. A high output power and power efficiency factor of 8.89 mW and 3.47 mWmm-2K-2 were obtained at a temperature gradient of 500K across the hot and cold side for four Mg3Sb2 based thermocouples, respectively. The obtained results show that the developed device could be used to drive portable electronic devices.
... Green energy harvesters transduce various forms of energy such as sunlight, mechanical vibrations, ocean waves, and human body heat into electrical energy while maintaining a green energy environment [2][3]. A thermoelectric generator (TEG) is a kind of energy harvester that transmutes heat energy to electrical energy employing the principle of the Seebeck effect [4][5]. It has several features such as its high reliability and durability at low cost, no maintenance required, and direct conversion with no intermediate energy conversion process [6][7]. ...
This paper presents the modelling and simulation of a π-shaped Mg 3 Sb 2 based thermoelectric generator. The performance of the proposed thermoelectric generator is evaluated with finite element analysis. A number of thermocouples were varied for high output power and power efficiency factor. Based on the analysis, we demonstrated that enhancement of the temperature gradient and the number of thermocouples are beneficial for high output power and power efficiency factor of Mg 3 Sb 2 based thermoelectric generator. A high output power and power efficiency factor of 8.89 mW and 3.47 mWmm-2 K-2 were obtained at a temperature gradient of 500K across the hot and cold side for four Mg 3 Sb 2 based thermocouples, respectively. The obtained results show that the developed device could be used to drive portable electronic devices. 1. INTRODUCTION With the rapid growth of industrialization, the need for electricity in everyday life is enhanced. Due to the deficit of fossil fuel, natural gas, and coal, the alternative source of energy is one of the major challenges in the 21 st century. Besides, the emission of carbon while fossil fu el and coal burnt has a great effect to accelerate global warming [1]. Thus reduction of carbon emissions has become a global priority owing to the serious effect on climate change. To counter this issue, significant effort has been given to developed green energy harvesters. Green energy harvesters transduce various forms of energy such as sunlight, mechanical vibrations, ocean waves, and human body heat into electrical energy while maintaining a green energy environment [2-3]. A thermoelectric generator (TEG) is a kind of energy harvester that transmutes heat energy to electrical energy employing the principle of the Seebeck effect [4-5]. It has several features such as its high reliability and durability at low cost, no maintenance required, and direct conversion with no intermediate energy conversion process [6-7]. Besides, it has the potential to enhanced the longevity of an electrical device while maintaining both emissions and noise free operation i.e. provides clean energy by reducing greenhouse gas and carbon emissions [8]. Thus, this device has been widely used to power portable electronic devices such as glucose monitoring device [9], electroencephalography (EEG) [10], accelerometer [11], sweat conductivity monitoring [12], pressure-temperature Sensor [13], and human motion monitoring [14], whose power requirement is in the range of mW to μW. To design an efficient TEG, two factors must be taken into considerations such as thermoelectric (TE) materials and heat loss reduction. Among TE materials, bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3) is widely used for TE power generations due to its high efficiency at near room temperature. For instance, Chen et al. fabricated a TEG with Bi 2 Te 3 and Bi 0.5 Sb 1.5 Te 3 as n-type and p-type TE legs, and obtained maximum output power (P out)
... The primary consideration while making TEG commercially viable is its efficient use within an automotive system. (Nyambayar Baatar et al) [15] proposed replacing traditional car radiator with TEG. It was found that power from proposed TEG setup is about 75W and calculated efficiency of the TEG is about 10.0%, overall efficiency of electric power generation from waste heat of engine coolant is about 0.4% in the driving mode of 80km/h. ...
“Waste heat recovery with thermoelectric power generators can improve energy efficiency & provide distributed electricity generation.” The strategy of how to recover this heat depends on the temperature of waste heat gases and economics involved. The energy lost in exhaust gases cannot be fully recovered. However, much of the heat could be recovered & loss minimizes by adopting ideal performance conditions at the system level. The performance of TEG relies on more factors than traditional Thermoelectric (TE) material performance metrics alone, Positioning within the automotive system, Module Structure and Electrical Performance of one whole Thermoelectric (TE) system decides the efficiency of heat recovered. This review discusses the performance of TEG in different practical cases & what could be the best arrangement of the array of modules, Placement or Positioning & Conditions for a TEG setup to work in an Automotive System."
... For example, in an automotive study, 72 TEG modules were applied to a heat pipe as a means to replace the radiator. This resulted in producing 28W at idle and 75W at 80 km/hr [6]. Thermoelectric generator modules in an array can be arranged in parallel, in series, or in combination to produce the most efficient amount of power for their application. ...