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![Typical energy consumption breakdown in an office building [6] 3. Background to the NABERS Indoor Environment (IE) rating](publication/317622121/figure/fig1/AS:505979454189568@1497646310330/Typical-energy-consumption-breakdown-in-an-office-building-6-3-Background-to-the.png)
Typical energy consumption breakdown in an office building [6] 3. Background to the NABERS Indoor Environment (IE) rating
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![Fig. 1. Typical energy consumption breakdown in an office building [6]...](publication/317622121/figure/fig1/AS:505979454189568@1497646310330/Typical-energy-consumption-breakdown-in-an-office-building-6-3-Background-to-the_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 2. An illustration of the NABERS IE building coverage [7]](publication/317622121/figure/fig2/AS:505979452260352@1497646310399/An-illustration-of-the-NABERS-IE-building-coverage-7_Q320.jpg)
In our ambition to improve the environmental performance of office buildings, it is easy to lose sight of their real purpose – to accommodate people. To understand the future of sustainable buildings, it is important to recognise that services such as HVAC and lighting are provided to create suitably comfortable conditions for staff to be productiv...
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Present design of buildings and the way of building assessment focus primary on decreasing of energy consumption, efficient energy management and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions having significant impact on climate change. This emphasis stems from European Union 2020 targets. However, in the issue of comprehensive building assessment are miss...
sustainable Buildings aimed at reducing negative environmental impacts through using energy efficiency and resource use, because the building is one of the biggest causes of damage located on the ground, pollution result of heating and cooling the internal environment is greater than resulting from motor vehicle, hence the urgency procedure for sus...
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... In Australia, 39% of the energy used in a typical office building is accounted for by HVAC systems (Residovic 2017). When considering occupant comfort within office buildings, they are often divided into thermal zones by applying various strategies that differentiate interior zones from perimeter zones. ...
The global sustainability movement has developed a variety of new design and building methodologies. Regenerative Design (RD) focuses on understanding the dynamic relationship between people, a place and ecosystems. By weaving together the natural and social systems, RD maximises humans' and nature's creativeness and abundance. Projects are not seen as an end product but rather as the beginning of a process that will continue to evolve long after completion. RD approaches to building are receiving increased attention in industry and academia. In this context, developing a clear shared understanding and evaluating the practical implications of this new approach remains an open issue. This critical review attempts to fill this gap by reviewing the concept, its aims, the existence of any performance measurement criteria, design methods and the expected outcomes of the RD approach to design and building. A summary process workflow diagram and an Assessment Methodology (AM) for evaluating RD project progress are proposed. The AM is presented as a series of questions to be answered qualitatively and quantitatively to aid track progress through time. Both diagram and AM may become valuable tools for further discussion about the methodological implications of RD project delivery for the architecture profession and for upgrading architectural education accordingly.
... Economic impacts can be reduced by achieving cost-saving and reducing the operating cost (hard and soft costs) by using life cycle assessment (LCA) [21], developing cost-benefit analysis [22], applying green price premiums [23], using an optimal design method for multi-energy systems in buildings such as PV power generation system, solar water heating system, and seasonal cold storage by minimizing the total life cycle cost [24]. To reduce social impacts, new local rating systems need to be innovated by integrating cultures under the social dimension [25], measuring and comparing the indoor environment quality factors with a set of benchmarks [26], applying a choice-based conjoint (CBC) experiment analysis [27], proposing a model that integrate factors such as renewable and optimized energy, construction waste management, system lighting and daylighting for 75% of spaces, stormwater quality control, heat-island effect roof, indoor and outdoor air [28], and the formation of design advice and evaluation groups [29]. Therefore, energy efficiency and energy management remain a hot topic in the building sector for researchers worldwide. ...
... New local rating systems have been innovated in the UAE, taking into account communities' cultures under the social dimension as a key aspect for raising the effectiveness of the public role in the design process of sustainable buildings to reduce carbon emissions [25]. Indoor environment quality factors, such as the layout of the space, thermal conditions, noise levels, lighting, and air quality, were measured and compared according to a set of benchmarks by using the new NABERS tool to evaluate performance and recognize market achievements in occupant well-being, comfort, and health to increase staff productivity in a green office building [26]. Ten questions were presented to explore indoor air quality challenges and opportunities for improving this issue in green buildings and their green building certifications, which could improve productivity, health, well-being, and profitability [98]. ...
In recent years, increasing interest has been shown in targeting energy efficiency as a roadmap for carbon mitigation, limiting energy use, improving buildings’ energy performance, and reducing energy consumption for achieving sustainable buildings. This article presents a systematic review to provide the best practices in this area and identify the challenges, motivations, recommendations, and pathways for future work. Discussing the methodological aspects gives insights for future researchers. This research used papers published on three scientific and reliable databases—Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and IEEE Xplore-from 2014 to May 23, 2021. The selected papers reached N = 134 based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and divided into review papers, proceeding conference, and articles. The review articles (N = 16/134) give an overall view on improving energy efficiency to achieve sustainability in buildings by using green building rating systems, developing and implementing policies, technology utilization, adopting techniques, and applying strategies. The conferences (N = 33/134) and articles (N = 85/134) focus more on details of different aspects of improving energy efficiency by reducing environmental, economic, social, and other impacts. A few articles proposed multiple-criteria decision-making methods to solve energy efficiency gaps for promoting sustainability in buildings. Achieving energy efficiency toward sustainable buildings is a hot topic in the sustainable development area. The outcomes from this paper will provide a valuable reference to stakeholders, governments, and decision-makers and give suggestions from the selected past studies. This review will provide motivation and attract future research endeavors in the field.
... A tionally, as shown in Internal Heat Gain Sources (see Figure 5), the highest internal gain source was exterior windows with an annual heat gain of 91.5 kWh The energy use distribution (see Figure 4) shows HVAC as maximum energy consumption (cooling) at 139.8 (kWh/m 2 ), accounting for 71% of the total building energy use. Typical HVAC energy consumption for office buildings ranges from 39-55% [42][43][44] across different climate zones. This can be tracked down mainly by two issues. ...
With the prevalent use of large glazings, particularly in office buildings, offices receive
an abundance of light and are among the largest consumers of electricity. Moreover, in an extremely hot arid climate such as in the UAE, achieving comfortable daylighting levels without increasing solar heat gain is a challenge, in which the window or fenestration design plays an essential role.
This research adopts a case study of a higher education (HE) office building on the United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) campus, selected to investigate an evidence-based retrofitting solution for the west façade that can be applied in existing office buildings in the UAE in order to reduce cooling energy load as well as enhance indoor environmental quality. To achieve an evidence-based retrofitting solution, the research design built upon a comprehensive exploratory investigation that included indoor environmental quality physical monitoring and occupant satisfaction surveying.
Model simulation was performed by means of DesignBuilder software to perform a single- and multi-parameter sensitivity analysis for three key passive window design parameters, i.e., window-to-wall ratio, glazing type, and external shading, aimed toward minimizing annual cooling load and solar heat gain, while maintaining appropriate indoor daylight illuminance levels. The results highlight the importance of the window-to-wall ratio (WWR), as it is the single most significant parameter affecting total energy consumption and daylighting levels. The results recommend 20–30% WWR as
the optimum range in the west façade. However, by utilizing high-performance glazing types and external shading, equal energy savings can be achieved with a larger WWR. Double Low E tinted glazing and 0.4 projection shading overhang and side fin revealed a noteworthy reduction of energy use intensity of 14%. The study concludes with final retrofitting solutions and design recommendations that aim to contribute validated knowledge towards enhancing window performance in a hot arid climate to guide architects and stakeholders to apply a range of passive parameters towards
reducing energy consumption and improving occupant comfort in office buildings.
... Addressing the two common challenges to building performance-reducing the carbon footprint associated with providing a comfortable indoor environment and improving the health and well-being of residents-requires a more comprehensive understanding of how the indoor environment of buildings works [11]. To understand the future of sustainable buildings, it is important to recognize that services such as HVAC and lighting are provided to create suitably comfortable conditions for staff to be productive [12]. The COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has significantly affected our daily lives [13]. ...
This aim of this paper is to explore the specific indoor environmental quality factors under different heating conditions in a meeting room of an administrate building located in Kosice. In terms of thermal comfort, a system with radiant ceiling heating provides more favorable results. Low relative humidity was recorded for both heating systems, which could be due to insufficient air conditioning settings. The results of measuring CO2 concentrations were almost identical for both systems and did not exceed the recommended limit value of 1000 ppm. The increase in CO2 concentrations was mainly related to the presence of employees in the monitored room. On none of the monitoring days, whether in the case of a mechanical heating system or a radiant ceiling heating system, the average 24 h concentration of PM10 did not exceed the legally permissible limit of 50 µg/m3. The presence of selected volatile organic compounds in the room has not been demonstrated due to effective ventilation by air conditioning. The results of the evaluation were comparable and smaller fluctuations in values can be attributed to other factors, such as the presence of persons in the monitoring room or the overall heating as well as ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
... IEQ concerns the performance of buildings from the occupants' perspective and includes but is not limited to thermal comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), lighting, and acoustics [2]. Previous studies have revealed that improving the indoor environment comes with financial benefits, including productivity improvement [3] and lower energy consumption [4]. A massive amount of current business expenses is related to employees' salaries. ...
... A massive amount of current business expenses is related to employees' salaries. Based on the Property Council of Australia report, a 1% increase in office productivity is equal to the entire building's energy cost [4]. ...
... For example, topics such as the impact of occupant behaviour on ventilation [87], window-opening [88], and lights [84] were evaluated in the last studied period. Moreover, in this period, 'energy' was derived from the 'building information modelling' theme, and many scholars have conducted more holistic investigations of building energy use [4,[89][90][91]. ...
The purpose of this study is to provide a holistic review of two decades of research advancement in the indoor environmental quality modelling and indexing field (IEQMI) using bibliometric analysis methods. The explicit objectives of the present study are: (1) identifying researchers, institutions, countries (territories), and journals with the most influence on the IEQMI topic; (2) investigating the hot topics in the IEQMI field; and (3) thematically analysing the keyword evolution in the IEQMI field. A scientometric review was conducted using the bibliometric data of 456 IEQMI research articles published in the past two decades. VOSviewer software was employed for bibliometric analysis, and the SciMAT tool was used to investigate the keywords' thematic evolution in three sub-periods (). Results show that there is a continuous increment in the number of published papers in the field of IEQMI, and 60 out of 193 countries in the world have been involved in IEQMI studies. The IEQMI research mainly fo-cuses on: (a) thermal comfort and energy efficiency; (b) occupant satisfaction and comfort; (c) IAQ and health issues; (d) methods and procedures. This field has undergone significant evolution. While 'indoor environmental quality was initially the only theme in the first period', 'occupant satisfaction', 'buildings', 'impact', 'building information modelling', and 'health' were added as the main thematic areas in the second period; 'occupant behaviour' and 'energy' were novel themes in IEQMI studies receiving much attention in the third period.
... Approximately 40% of total CO 2 emissions worldwide are caused by the production of electricity and heat, as summarized in Figure 1 On the other hand, Belgium is one of the leading European countries in terms of green energy production and minimizing fossil energy use (see the right stacked bar chart in Figure 1). The electricity consumption for lighting in office buildings accounts for about 25% of the total energy consumption within these premises [2,3]. Two main solutions to reduce both the electricity costs and its ecological footprint are: ...
Light regulation systems in industrial or office buildings play an important role in minimizing the use of fossil energy resources, while providing both economic and ergonomic optimal functionality. Although industrial buildings resolve the problem of interaction or disturbance mitigation by providing constant light levels exclusively from artificial sources, office landscapes may benefit from up to a 20% decrease in costs if mixed light sources are optimized properly. In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework based on model predictive control (MPC) to resolve a multi-system with strong dynamic interactions and multi-objective cost optimization. Centralized and distributed predictive control strategies are compared on various office landscaping structures and functionality conditions. Economic and ergonomic indexes are evaluated in a scaled laboratory setting.
... Meanwhile, office buildings account for 60% energy usage for Australian building sector [1]. About 39% of the energy is used for heating, cooling, airconditioning and ventilation (HVAC) systems in an Australian office building [3]. A typical HVAC system usually utilizes convective heat transfer which is "thermodynamically irrational" while neglecting the mean radiant temperature (MRT) [4]. ...
ASA (ANZAScA) has organized international conferences and events across the globe since 1965. This page provides access to details of recent conferences and contains a comprehensive list of all conferences held to date. All Abstracts and Papers will be submitted online.
2021 One-Day Symposium to be held Online
... The NABERS IE satisfaction surveys quantify occupants' satisfaction levels with many aspects of the indoor environment. Depending on the specific rating scope, NABERS IE requires different types of data and their weighting is different, shown in Table 2 (Residovic, 2017). The final score received for each IEQ factor represents the ranking of that specific building compared with the NABERS IE benchmark (NABERS, 2015c). ...
... Data required for NABERS IE rating for different rating scopes(Residovic, 2017). ...
Green building studies generally focus on singular performance aspects (e.g., energy, waste, water, indoor environment) with few tackling the relationships between each other, particularly the relationship between indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and building energy consumption. This study aims to explore the relationship between IEQ performance and energy consumption in National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NABERS) certified buildings. A verified climate normalization factor was localized to standardize energy use intensity in buildings from different climate zones of Australia. The normalized energy use intensity (NEUI) was calculated for all office buildings and correlated with their NABERS Energy and IE rating scores. Multivariate linear regression results reveal that one unit increase in NABERS Energy rating score and IE score can reduce NEUI by 21.98 kWh/m 2 and 9.88 kWh/m 2 per annum, respectively. Also, this study develops an Energy and Indoor Environment Index to benchmark the energy and IEQ performance of Australian office building. Buildings with excellent NABERS Energy and IE ratings (scores equal to/higher than 5) have been classified as high-performance NABERS buildings (HNBs) and the rest as low-performance NABERS buildings (LNBs). A comparison between 49 HNBs and 48 LNBs demonstrates that, on average, HNBs can deliver 12.6% better indoor environment quality with 35.9% less energy consumption than LNBs. In contrast, many LNBs either use excessive energy to provide a sufficient IEQ, or sacrifice IEQ to reduce energy costs and/or achieve a high NABERS Energy rating.
... In contrast to the results of the reviewed articles, that generally identify TC and IAQ as the most influential aspects, in Heinzerling et al. [31] the situation is overturned as AQ and VC had the two best scores while TC got the worst score. The outcomes of investigations carried out on this topic in China [22,32], Taiwan [33], Australia [34], UK [35], Africa [36] and Italy [37] show similar results with TC and IAQ proving to be the most important aspects (see Table 1). ...
... Following the approach proposed by Refs. [22,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37], it is possible to obtain a weighting system of IEF variables using MLR of the overall environmental quality expressed by the IEQ Q . The IEQ M is calculated by associating the weights obtained from the questionnaire survey to the categories achieved for each IEF according to EN 16798. ...
... The weight of TC for both rooms and mainly for A2 is significantly lower than reported in similar studies conducted worldwide on airconditioned office buildings by Refs. [22,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. In fact, the average weight, calculated considering all the studies, is about 29% for TC. ...
The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is a basic requirement for the design of energy-efficient buildings since it affects the occupants’ well-being and health inside buildings. Over the years, the issue of IEQ has been widely investigated under different perspectives: from the first experiments aimed at assessing the physiological response of individuals it has become a human-centric concept.
In recent years, new paradigms have influenced buildings design towards sustainable and highly efficient constructions. Zero-Energy Buildings (ZEBs) are the current challenge which should be appropriately addressed with a holistic approach to achieve excellent IEQ and energy efficiency levels.
Thermal, visual and acoustic comfort and indoor air quality are the most important Indoor Environmental Factors (IEF) characterizing the overall environmental condition of indoor spaces. However, there is no standard method to calculate the overall IEQ level of a building by monitoring and aggregating all individual aspects of comfort. This article aims to bridge this gap, proposing a method to define weighting factors of IEFs. A survey was carried on 100 participants out in a fully monitored Zero-Energy full-scale test building to collect and analyse the answers of the sample about their evaluation of IEFs. The collected data of questionnaire-based IEQ responses were treated with a multiple linear regression model.
The results prove that IEQ is affected mostly by IAQ during the test. The proposed weighting factors were applied to rank the monitoring-based IEFs. The comparison between objective (monitoring-based) and subjective (questionnaire-based) analyses shows how the former underestimates IEQ with respect to the latter.
... Technology efficiency at the conceptual level. The electricity consumption of some commercial buildings is shown in figure 1. Comparatively, typical energy consumption in hotels [17,18], hospital [19], office buildings [19], malls [20,21], and University laboratory [22] was compared. It was found that energy consumption for HVAC is relatively high and demands attention, although, varies with the climate and region of usage [23]. ...
... Typical energy usage distribution for some commercial buildings[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] ...
This paper applied the POET framework to analyze and identify possible energy efficiency activities that may reduce energy costs in HVAC cooling systems with Ice Thermal Energy Storage (ITES) in order to achieve maximum potential cost-savings, particularly for cooling loads in commercial buildings. Significant cost savings may be realized by the optimal shifting of the energy usage profile to the least costly regions of the Time-of-Use (TOU) using the ITES system. Moreover, a further reduction of energy costs may be achieved by introducing renewable energy (RE) sourced systems. A potential reduction of approximately 50% in energy cost savings could be achieved with the application of the POET framework. Improvement in operational efficiency may be achieved if systems were optimally sized and controlled. Studies conducted on control methods have shown that Model Predictive Control (MPC) offers significant benefits of achieving reasonable operational efficiency compared to other methods, particularly on HVAC systems. Combined ITES and hybrid energy systems allow an additional advantage in demand-side management, per the TOU tariff and peak demand. This may ultimately result in minimal energy usage during the costly regions of the TOU tariff, which would minimize energy costs and technology and equipment efficiency may be improved.
