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![Figure 1: Typical Design of Vacuum Insulated Pipe (VIP) [11]](profile/Chong-Lye-Lim/publication/320345434/figure/fig4/AS:631633573056545@1527604587814/Typical-Design-of-Vacuum-Insulated-Pipe-VIP-11_Q320.jpg)
Cryogenics is dealing with very low temperatures of less than 120 K. Applications of cryogenic can be found in variety of fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, engineering and industry. Cryogenic pipe flow is very different compared to normal fluid pipe flow in terms of evaluation and analysis in terms of fluid state change caused b...
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Context 1
... under the turbulent flow conditions, flow resistance undergoes radical change. Figure 1 shows the typical design of vacuum insulated pipe (VIP) recommended by the industry partner, Cryogas Tech [11]. The outer pipe temperature as the ambient temperature is 300 K (27˚C) and the inner pipe temperature as the liquid nitrogen temperature is 77 K (-196˚C). ...
Context 2
... velocity distribution over the pipe length (z-coordinate) in wall line and asymmetric line for the inlet volume flow rate of 250 LPH, 500 LPH, 1000 LPH and 2000 LPH is shown in Figure 10. The wall line velocity dropped to zero near the inlet. ...
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... pressure distribution over the pipe length (z-coordinate) in wall line and asymmetric line for the in inlet volume flow rate of 250 LPH, 500 LPH, 1000 LPH and 2000 LPH is shown in Figure 11. The pressure decreases along the flow at the wall line and asymmetric line (from inlet to outlet). ...
Citations
... Cryogenic technology investigates how materials behave at very low temperatures. The term "cryogenic temperature" is used in literature to describe temperatures lower than −153 • C [187][188][189][190]. Additionally, according to a report from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, a cryogenic temperature is one that is lower than −180 • C [187]. ...
... Cryogenic technology investigates how materials behave at very low temperatures. The term "cryogenic temperature" is used in literature to describe temperatures lower than −153 °C [187][188][189][190]. Additionally, according to a report from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, a cryogenic temperature is one that is lower than −180 °C [187]. ...
In recent years, hard turning has been found to be a well-known substitute for traditional grinding for acquiring the finish quality of hardened steel without sacrificing productivity. There are many issues that should be carefully understood and dealt with to attain efficacious performance in hard turning. This article discusses modern manufacturing challenges with a focus on analyzing the current state of the art of the hard turning process in terms of ensuring more environmentally friendly manufacturing through the use of greener cooling methods such as dry, wet/flood cooling, the minimum quantity of lubricant (MQL), high-pressure jet cooling, solid lubricant, nanofluids, ionic liquids (ILs), cryogenic cooling, and hybrid cooling. Nanofluids combined with the MQL system were found to be the superior cooling technique in comparison to dry, wet/flood, and MQL. Cryo-machining also provided superior performance by limiting the cutting temperature during hard turning. The performance of hybrid cooling (MQL + cryogenic) seems to have been superior to MQL and cryogenic coolant alone because it combined the benefits of lubrication and cooling from MQL and cryogenic systems, respectively. The addition of ILs to base fluids or nanofluids improves the thermal properties of the mixed fluid, resulting in better surface quality, lower tool wear, and longer tool life. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to summarize the various LCA software used for analyzing the sustainability of the hard turning process. Overall, this paper can serve as a resource for researchers and manufacturers working in the field of sustainable machining.
... Vacuum insulation (superinsulation, multi-layer insulation (MLI), and VIP) is based on the principle of exclusion of convective heat transfer between warm and cold walls, which means that only heat transfer by radiation and the thermal conductivity of residual gases remains [36,[40][41][42][43]. Such insulation consists of multiple protective screens arranged in parallel as close to each other as possible. ...
... Typically, layers having an overall thickness of about one inch (25.4 mm) are applied within the liquid nitrogen temperature range described. Vacuum insulation (superinsulation, multi-layer insulation (MLI), and VIP) is based on the principle of exclusion of convective heat transfer between warm and cold walls, which means that only heat transfer by radiation and the thermal conductivity of residual gases remains [36,[40][41][42][43]. Such insulation consists of multiple protective screens arranged in parallel as close to each other as possible. ...
... Therefore, to assess the adequacy of the model, the data for similar modeling, which had been performed for liquid nitrogen, were used. The graphs of temperature distribution along the pipeline also correspond to the theoretical expectations presented in other studies [40,41]. ...
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is one of the most promising fuels for energy supply because it has a favorable combination of environmental and economic properties in connection with new trends aimed at the development of ecological and sustainable consumption of natural resources, which ensure a constant growth in LNG consumption. The article presents an analytical review of the main technical solutions for the construction of cryogenic pipelines and insulating coating structures. The ANSYS Fluent software was used for simulation of the LNG flow in a pipeline section 10 m long with an outer diameter of 108 mm for three types of insulating coating (polyurethane (PU) foam, aerogel, and vacuum-insulated pipe (VIP)). In addition, an assessment was made of the insulating effect on the LNG temperature distribution along the length of the pipeline. The largest increase in temperature from 113 K to 113.61 K occurs in PU foam-insulated pipes; the smallest was observed in VIP. Further, as an alternative to steel, the use of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) for pipeline material was considered. The optimal result in terms of temperature distributions was obtained while simulating the flow of an LNG pipeline with PU foam by increasing the thickness of the insulating coating to 0.05 m.
... The stainless-steel type 304 (SS304) process pipe outer and inner diameters for the typical design of VIP are 25.4 mm and 22.1 mm respectively. There were total of two sets conducted in the present work and then compared with the studied by Lim al et [24]. The first and second simulations are to model the LN 2 pipe flow in a one metre length of process pipe with VIP and PU foam insulation in order to obtain the temperature distribution. ...
... The temperature contours from simulations in isometric view and the asymmetric plan view for the inlet volume flow rate of 250 LPH are shown in Fig. 6 to 8. The temperature contours from the simulation done by Lim et al [24] shown in Fig. 10. As shows presented in Fig. 6 to 9, the temperature is increasing along the flow direction (flow from left to right) and the wall experienced the high temperature as compared to the asymmetric line. ...
... While from Fig. 7, the temperature distributions are within the range of 77 K to 77.1 K for the inlet volume flow rate of 250 LPH for the process pipe with PU foam insulation, and the temperature deviation is 0.1 K which is relatively very small temperature deviation as compared to process pipe with VIP. Compared to the temperature contours for the process pipe without thermal insulation in the work done by Lim al et [24] which shown the temperature distributions within the range of 77 K to 277 K with the temperature deviation of 200 K. As shown in Fig. 8, the temperature distributions are within the range of 77 K to 277 K for the inlet volume flow rate of 250 LPH for the process pipe without thermal insulation, and the temperature deviation is 200 K. ...
Cryogenics is concerned with working with fluids at very low temperatures; less than 120 K. Cryogenic pipe flow is very different compared to normal fluid pipe flow in terms of evaluation and analysis due to the fluid state change that is caused by a heat leak in cryogenics during transportation through the transfer line. As the cryogenic system is necessarily immersed in insulation, it becomes more difficult to access. Numerical solutions and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations that are non-disruptive and relatively low in cost are an advanced alternative for studying cryogenic systems. The present study reports the liquid nitrogen pipe flow simulation for process pipe with vacuum insulated pipe (VIP) and with Polyurethane (PU) foam insulation to understand the temperature distribution in the pipe flow under steady-state conditions. The 3-dimensional liquid nitrogen pipe flow simulation has been conducted using ANSYS FLUENT software. The temperature distributions resulting from the liquid nitrogen pipe flow simulation with VIP are within the range of 77.0 K to 82.1 K for inlet volume flow rates from 250 LPH to 2000
LPH. The optimum result in terms of the temperature distributions was produced from the liquid nitrogen pipe flow simulation with VIP.
