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Modern biotechnology is the manipulation of genetic material of living organisms and fusion of cells across the species, with the most common example being genetic engineering (GE) in which genes are inserted or deleted through transgenic technologies to create genetically modified (GM) organisms (GMOs). Modern biotechnology helping the world’s foo...
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... Nucleic Acid 2. Protein coat (capsid) Hence they are also referred as Nucleocapsid particles-capsid with nucleic acid inside. Each capsid made of identical protein subunits called capsomeres (Figure 2). Viruses may be non- enveloped or enveloped that are derived from the host cells. ...
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Background:
Transgenic technology has become an important technique for crop genetic improvement. The application of well-characterized promoters is essential for developing a vector system for efficient genetic transformation. Therefore, isolation and functional validation of more alternative constitutive promoters to the CaMV35S promoter is high...
The advances in the field of biotechnology (and bioengineering) over the past decades has allowed the precise development of new products across the agricultural, environmental, and pharmaceutical sectors. This has led to the need to evaluate the relevance and applicability of existing policies and frameworks that regulate the current transgenic te...
Transgenic technologies have emerged as a powerful tool for crop improvement in terms of yield, quality, and quantity in many countries of the world. However, concerns also exist about the possible risks involved in transgenic crop cultivation. In this review, literature is analyzed to gauge the real intensity of the issues caused by environmental...
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This study aims to test the validity and effectiveness of e-modules based on Discovery Learning combined with scaffolding on virus material to empower students’ science literacy skills. This type of quantitative research uses a nonrandomized control group pretest–posttest design. The study population was expert validators, practicing teachers, and students in one of the high schools in Karanganyar. The research sample is by purposive random sampling technique. The research data was through expert validator assessment questionnaires, practitioner assessment questionnaires, and student science literacy tests. Analysis test instruments use Rasch model analysis technique. Research data from scientific literacy test results was analyzed using quantitative analysis techniques with independent sample t-test and N-gain. The results showed that the e-module based on Discovery Learning combined with scaffolding on virus material showed the feasibility of the material by 95.4 percent, the feasibility of learning instruments by 88.9 percent, the feasibility of science literacy test instruments is 93 percent, and media feasibility is 90.6 percent. The independent sample t-test showed a difference in the average science literacy in the experimental and control classes with a significant value of 0.015 and an N-gain of 0.135 in the medium category. e-Modules based on Discovery Learning combined with scaffolding on virus material effectively empower students’ science literacy.
According to various forecasts the 21st century will be a century for creating a market of
diverse and safe food and renewable resources and energy sources. It can therefore be expected that alternative crops will replace traditional crops in many cases. The cultivation of new plants may also cause consequences that are difficult to predict, due to the excessive aggressiveness of certain species or their allergenic properties (e.g., Heracleum Sosnowskyi), as well as the possibility of new, difficult-to-control diseases or pests. Therefore it is very important to develop not only cultivation technologies for alternative species but also their biology, as well as the possibility of removing them from the ecosystem. At present, it is difficult to develop further without expanding the closed cycles of raw materials. Therefore it is necessary to popularize recycling, that is, closing paths in production and consumption processes, using waste and manure. Almost everything, apart from radioactive waste, can be used to create a different product. Most wastes such as rubbish are used in the world for energy production. The solution for water management is technologies using closed cycles. Rational and economical management of all resources, considering the needs of present and future generations, becomes not only a privilege of selected people or nations but also a duty of people all over the world. The dangerous consequences of chemical pesticides, as well as the way to overcome this problem through plant-based pesticides, are discussed too in this document.
