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Types of interventions as a function of the degree of integration of SP with DRR and CCA (toward ASP)
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Adaptive Social Protection refers to efforts to integrate social protection (SP), disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA), the need for which is increasingly recognised by practitioners and academics. Relying on 124 agricultural programmes implemented in five countries in Asia, this article considers how these elements are...
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Context 1
... identified the level of integration between disciplines, we then considered how integration can build resilience, using 3P-T framework. The findings are presented in Fig.2. In the case of SP projects with no integration, the data show that protection and promotion measures are relatively common (44% and 40% respectively). ...
Context 2
... analysis shows that the level of promotive measures remains relatively constant and high. In contrast, as the degree of integration of SP with DRR and CCA increases, the number of projects and programmes taking a protection approach decreases drastically, while preventive and transformative interventions increase (Fig.2). A good example of this is the Empowerment and Livelihood Improvement 'Nuton Jibon' Project in Bangladesh. ...
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Citations
... In analysing the implementation changes of social protection measures across the Gulf states, we observe diverse policy adaptations that reflect the evolving nature of social safety nets in the region. This heterogeneity in approach aligns with contemporary discourse on adaptive social protection (ASP) and shock-responsive social protection (SRSP) frameworks (Davies et al., 2013;O'Brien et al., 2018). The data reveals significant variations in both the quantity and typology of implementation changes across the six GCC countries. ...
The global health crisis prompted Arabian Gulf states to implement extensive social protection measures to address public health and economic challenges. This study critically examines welfare reforms enacted by six Gulf countries – Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman – through the theoretical lenses of Welfare Regime Theory and Punctuated Equilibrium Theory. Initially, governments temporarily expanded exclusion-based welfare systems, primarily benefiting citizens, to support broader populations, including migrant workers. However, the long-term sustainability of these expansions remains uncertain. The findings suggest that although the crisis created a temporary policy window for welfare expansion, there was no fundamental reconfiguration of these exclusionary welfare regimes. This study enhances the understanding of the adaptability of Gulf welfare states during global crises and the potential for future policy shifts.
... Researchers from the UK's IDS discovered that while DRR, SP, and CCA come from different backgrounds, all three approaches aim at strengthening livelihood resilience and reducing exposure to various factors, such as long-term changes in climate conditions and their distribution over time and space (CCA), disasters and extreme events (DRR), and chronic poverty (SP) . The term ASP describes a set of policy measures that combine the fundamentals of SP, DRR, and CCA in programs and projects to strengthen rural households' resilience against CC and disasters (Arnall et al., 2010;Davies et al., 2013). The principal proposal of ASP is that synergies can be gained if SP, DRR, and CCA are brought closer together (Ziegler, 2016). ...
... To determine to which approach the programs/projects belong, we first assessed the objectives of each program/project. Thus, based on the work of Davies et al. (2013), a program/project is deemed to have an SP strategy if its primary goal is to lessen the exposure of households to livelihood threats and shocks (e.g., enhancing the rights and social standing of marginalized community groups) and whether it is employing SP tools to accomplish its goals. DRR approaches are classified by their focus on natural disasters. ...
... According to Hellmuth et al. (2011), one of the specific innovations is the use of vulnerability mapping, demonstrating the fact that GO and NGO communities are making some efforts to integrate DRR with SP in program/ project design and implementation. According to Davies et al. (2013), this may be a reaction to current efforts to move DRR away from reactive, post-disaster coping mechanisms such as food assistance toward more proactive, long-term planning, and management. ...
Integrating climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction, and social protection is crucial for enhancing resilience in vulnerable communities. This study aims to assess the level of integration among these three approaches in the Somali Region, Ethiopia. A qualitative methodology, involving a meta-analysis of 122 projects and program documents was conducted to evaluate the integration levels of the approaches. Key informant interviews and focus group discussions were also used to gather qualitative insights from stakeholders. The findings reveal that the integration of the three approaches , in the form of adaptive social protection, is limited. While social protection and disaster risk reduction are combined more effectively, the inclusion of climate change adaptation remains insufficient. Duplication of activities is common in programs and projects, wasting resources. The study recommends implementing an adaptive social protection approach with clear institutional arrangements and stakeholder coordination to enhance resilience and resource efficiency.
... At its inception, the term 'adaptive social protection' was primarily associated with poverty reduction in agriculture. Notably, much of the groundwork for this notion originated in the United Kingdom, particularly through the efforts of Davies, who proposed incorporating social protection (SP), disaster risk reduction (DRR), and climate change adaptation (CCA) to alleviate poverty in the agricultural sector (Davies et al., 2008(Davies et al., , 2009(Davies et al., , 2013. In fact, social protection can serve as a means of adaptation in the context of climate change-related disasters. ...
Adaptive social protection represents a novel form of approach that is more holistic in addressing issues related to disasters associated with climate change and social shifts. Adaptive social protection has resurfaced social protection as a new approach to assist an individual or society to mitigate vulnerability or potential harms related to poverty and climate change. Despite the necessity for enhanced comprehension of adaptive social protection approaches, there exists a dearth of scholarly research on this subject. This study strives to address this gap. Therefore, the primary objective of this research is to map the gaps in studies related to the topic of adaptive social protection, thereby enabling us to identify future research agendas. Through this article, we systematically review existing studies in social adaptive protection within two decades. 305 articles are categorized and analyzed using the SPAR-4-SLR protocol by Paul (2021) and employs the VosViewer 16.1.19 to scrutinize and dissect this topic in a bibliometric approach and map the distribution on authorship, countries, institutes, and keywords. We found that the existing publications in adaptive social protection primarily originated from the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. By synthetically analyzing the keywords, the dominant hot spot of adaptive social protection research could be concluded as “adaptive management”, “climate change”, or “adaptation”.
... Using a case study of NREGA in India, the researchers found that in areas where public work programmes are successfully implemented, they were an effective instrument to prevent costly distress migration through the provision of work and income thus making migration a choice in the long term. Indeed, in such instances, the protective role of social protection can be seen considering that access to income ensures that vulnerable people can cope with the impact of climate shock (Davies et al., 2013), hence promoting the capacity of people to 'hang in'. ...
Climate change is a threat multiplier for human migration, with those reliant on rain-fed agriculture being particularly vulnerable to climate change. This can manifest as increased poverty and potentially as climate-induced migration to seek alternative livelihood options. The interactions between climate vulnerability and social protection policy, in particular how they shape migration patterns, are poorly understood. There is significant potential for social protection programmes to positively shape migration-related decisions amongst rural youth, while enabling climate resilience. Less attention has been paid to patterns of migration within (and between) African countries, compared to migrants moving to the Global North. Here we review how social protection programmes are being (or can be) used to shape climate-induced migration decisions amongst youth in rural Africa. Based on key components of social protection (social assistance and labour market interventions), we argue that when these are adapted to meet the priorities of rural youth, a more just transition can be achieved (i.e. climate-resilient rural communities retaining rural skilled labour as opposed to climate-induced distress migration). More accurate evidence on migration drivers, and challenges faced by rural youth in accessing and benefiting from social protection, is necessary to fully inform climate migration and social protection practices.
... Depending on climatic hazards, it provides cash transfers to agricultural populations, particularly during pre-and post-harvest periods, to cope with food insecurity and other related shocks (Daron et al., 2021). Although this initiative has demonstrated some effectiveness in the agricultural sector in Asia (Davies et al., 2013), its evaluation remains early in the study region. A recent policy report on how to effectively ensure the delivery chain and shock response highlights several limitations that limit the ability of cash transfer programmes to meet the needs of poor and vulnerable households in practice (Smith & Bowen, 2020). ...
This article examines social protection pathways in the former French colonies in sub‐Saharan Africa. We identify five steps to understanding the patterns and dynamics of social protection in these countries that provide evidence of its exogenous construction. First, we characterize the main developments in social protection systems and policies from their inception, covering the colonial era to the present, underlining the role of colonial legacy and the global social policy framework. Second, we document the similarity of national social protection trajectories and lack of national ownership of the policy problem markedly that characterizes social protection pathways.
... Emerging issues such as digital payment systems, gender dynamics, and resilience to shocks are increasingly relevant but underexplored in the literature (Aker et al., 2016;Bonilla et al., 2017;Davies et al., 2013) [3,15,21] . These factors may significantly influence the effectiveness and scalability of cash transfer programs in the future. ...
... Emerging issues such as digital payment systems, gender dynamics, and resilience to shocks are increasingly relevant but underexplored in the literature (Aker et al., 2016;Bonilla et al., 2017;Davies et al., 2013) [3,15,21] . These factors may significantly influence the effectiveness and scalability of cash transfer programs in the future. ...
This study investigates the comparative effectiveness of targeted and universal cash transfer programs in reducing poverty, promoting economic growth, and improving health outcomes across five developing countries: Kenya, Zambia, Bangladesh, Mexico, and Indonesia. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research finds a strong positive correlation between economic growth and poverty reduction, but a more complex relationship with health improvement. The results highlight the importance of tailoring program designs to specific contexts and integrating cash transfers with complementary initiatives. While universal programs show potential for economic growth, targeted programs demonstrate balanced improvements across all indicators. The findings underscore the need for context-specific, integrated approaches to cash transfer programs to maximize their impact on sustainable development.
... Public confidence in the effectiveness and fairness of climate initiatives enhances overall support and cooperation. (Brown et al., 2018;Davies et al., 2013;Giordono et al., 2023;Houser et al., 2022) Social networks and climate action Strong social networks are crucial in disseminating information about climate change and related actions. Social connections enable the sharing of knowledge on sustainable practices, fostering a collective understanding of the importance of climate action. ...
... This generalized and institutional trust is crucial for encouraging collaboration and cooperation on climate initiatives. Furthermore, research by (Brown et al., 2018;Davies et al., 2013;Giordono et al., 2023;Houser et al., 2022) suggests that the synergy between trust and social protection contributes to a positive perception of climate policies, ultimately leading to more significant public support and cooperation. ...
Traditional climate action strategies often overlook the critical role of social cohesion. This study explores how social protection programs and community unity can bolster climate resilience and public support for decarbonization efforts. The study adopted a systematic methodology that employed quantitative (scientometric/bibliometric analysis) and qualitative (content analysis) approaches to analyze existing social protection programs, community cohesion indicators, and public attitudes toward climate change action. Our findings revealed a crucial link: communities with robust social cohesion demonstrate a heightened commitment to climate action. This translates to increased engagement in sustainable practices, information sharing, and mutual support among community members. This suggests policymakers can leverage existing social networks, civic engagement and safety nets to build public support for decarbonization efforts. The study highlighted that building community engagement and inclusivity is critical to fostering a collective commitment to climate action and successfully transitioning to low-carbon societies.
... In Germany and the US, the emergence of agroecology has paralleled the rise of the alternative agri-food movements, which grew out of concerns not only about on-farm sustainability, but also about food security, food safety, community, sustainability, and livelihoods in the food system (Fernandez et al. 2016). State interventions aimed at preventing the food system from collapsing were evident in the mobilization of state resources to support operational food chains, along with the provision of cash transfers to farmers (Davies et al. 2013). Thus, it can be argued that there was a more reliable social protection system in place for farmers Davies et al. 2013). ...
... State interventions aimed at preventing the food system from collapsing were evident in the mobilization of state resources to support operational food chains, along with the provision of cash transfers to farmers (Davies et al. 2013). Thus, it can be argued that there was a more reliable social protection system in place for farmers Davies et al. 2013). Although not all respondents used the cash transfers provided, either because of bureaucratic barriers or ineligibility, or because they did not need them, these social protection mechanisms were in place. ...
... However, during the last decade, more attention has been devoted to leveraging social protection measures to improve the adaptive capacity of vulnerable households (Zougmoré et al., 2016). As a consequence, terms such as "Adaptive Social Protection (ASP)" (Arnall et al., 2010;Davies et al., 2009Davies et al., , 2013Leichenko & Silva, 2014) and "shock-responsive social protection" have been forged to refer to the adaptive role of social protection (FAO, 2021;TRANSFORM, 2020;UNICEF, 2019). The first one indicates that social protection may "help to build the resilience of poor and vulnerable households by investing in their capacity to prepare for, cope with and adapt to shocks" (Bowen et al., 2020); the second one refers to the role that social protection can play to complement and support other emergency interventions in the face of "shocks that affect a large proportion of the population simultaneously (covariate shocks (European Commission, 2019). ...
This article uncovers the mechanisms shaping the impact of the public work component of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) on beneficiaries and communities’ food security and vulnerability to various shocks. Using three waves of a national representative household survey, this study provides quantitative evidence on the pathways through which the social protection intervention affects direct beneficiaries and their community peers. The empirical findings show that the PSNP beneficiaries are less likely to be food insecure and to experience harvest losses in the aftermath of droughts. Notably, the beneficial effects of the programme partially spill over to the direct participants’ community peers. This is likely to be due the nature of the public works implemented through the programme, such as the integrated community-based watershed development, including soil and water conservation measures and rangeland management in pastoral areas. Additionally, no significant impacts have been found when households self-report stresses unrelated to droughts. Our findings are expected to inform the debate on the effectiveness of the PSNP and other adaptive social protection programmes. From a policy perspective, they suggest the explicit integration of environmental and climate considerations into the design of social protection interventions targeting poor agricultural households highly vulnerable and exposed to weather shocks.
... This brand of resilience is an attribute fostered at the individual level but in a systemic way, so that it manifests across local, regional, and national levels. Interest in the role of social protection for local communities in adapting to the impacts of or mitigating climate change has dramatically increased (e.g., Johnson and Krishnamurthy 2010, Davies et al. 2013, O'Brien and Barnett 2013, Weldegebriel and Prowse 2013, Carter and Janzen 2018, Tenzing 2020. However, systemic resilience in tackling land degradation has so far received limited attention. ...
