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Helical compression spring is used in multiple applications. It is mainly used for energy storage, shock absorber or damper, motion transfer etc. It is observed that the axial force applied on the helical spring do not transfer completely at the other end. Some amount of forces transferred in lateral direction. In this paper, the study of lateral f...
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... Therefore, one needs a device to measure the relationship between the different types of load and the effect, and since there are devices for measuring longitudinal stiffness, one also requires a device that measures the lateral stiffness. There are several types of research about lateral stiffness, an experimental, theoretical, and verification with simulation for a helical rectangular section wire spring and found the stiffness matrix which described for all states of applied load and stiffness [1,2]. The study in 2021 was done on helical and conical springs, where the researcher assumes that they behave like beams, and they used two methods analyzed for measuring mechanical properties of the springs, by a two-dimensional model and finite element [3]. ...
Abstract
The spring is an important mechanical part of which widely used in many industrial applications. There is an urgent need to know its stiffness property before use in any application. Since the stiffness varies according to the method of using the spring in this research, it is suggested to calculate the lateral stiffness of spring by the moment effect. the device meter of the lateral stiffness of conical springs has been designed and manufactured working principle applying a torque to the head of the spring and calculating the angle of inclination. This research includes an experimental aspect (tensile test of steel wires, manufacture of the device lateral hardness meter, manufacture of four conical springs from steel wire inspected with diameters of 3.4, 3.8, 4, and 5 mm, and testing the springs with the manufactured device). As for the simulation aspect, it comprises calculating the lateral stiffness by numerical analysis using the solid work program. After extracting the hardness values practically by the device and comparing them with simulation values, the device proved its efficiency for small diameters after the experimental results have been compared with the results of the simulation, as the error rate increased with the increase in the diameter of the spring wire, so the highest acceptable error that could be reached by the device was 5% for the diameter 4.36 mm and zero error at the diameter 1.2 mm.
Keywords: Spring Conical springs Stiffness of springs Lateral stiffness
... It is observed that when an axial force is applied to the spring, the same amount of force does not transfer at the other end. Some amount of applied axial force is departing in other directions [12,13]. So, Further work can be done on leaf spring deformation over the period. ...
In India, the core of the logistic sector is the trucking industry. The manufacturing business ensures that their product reaches the end customer quickly and thus they outsource their logistical operations to logistic service providers. More than 60% of goods are transported by road. Due to globalization and digitalization, the demand for logistics has increased. To meet the demand most truck owners are recklessly permitting overloading to increase margins, to save time by risking the consequences of in-transit issues as well as its negative impact on the infrastructure. This paper addresses one such problem that many drivers and their customers face regularly. To reduce the time required for weighing and getting instant results a payload measurement system is developed which is an external attachment to the vehicle. The results obtained by this model are quick and accurate.KeywordsDeflectionStiffnessLeaf springPayload measurement
... The objective was to minimize the mass of the spring and to maximize the natural frequency of the spring. R.S. Bobade [16] aimed to study the lateral forces on spring. Different possible causes for the generation of lateral forces were explained. ...
Technological advancements are growing at a rapid rate for comforting mankind. Every sector including manufacturing, aerospace, and automobile are growing in terms of technical enhancements, material development and design innovations. An attempt has been made in this investigation to design the spring system used in the suspension system. A suspension system or shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy. In a vehicle, it reduces the effect of travelling over the rough ground, leading to improved ride quality, and increase in comfort due to substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances. Hence, the design of spring in suspension system forms the vital designing component. Here, a spring is designed for which material consideration formed the basis of analysis owing to the impact loads the spring experiences during the working cycle. The spring design combines two basic designs i.e. variable pitch and cylindrical designs to amalgamate the advantages and eliminate the drawbacks of individual designs. A 3D model was generated using SolidWorks software which was further imported in another software i.e. ANSYS to analyze various mechanical parameters. A material study was carried out in terms of mechanical properties for the selection of spring material. The selected material were alloy steel (vanadium chrome spring steel) and high carbon steel (music wire spring steel) which is commonly used. The analysis was carried out by varying the applied load on the spring and it was recorded in term of stress and deformation. It can be inferred that the results of analysis showed spring was designed successfully and fulfilled the motives of two basic spring designs in a single combined spring structure. The result was also in accordance to the previous research which showed alloy steel as a promising material for the springs in the suspension system of the vehicle.
In the contemporary research work, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used to simultaneously maximize compressive strength and minimize the absorption of water in the cement mortar (nano materials blended). Three important process parameters including nano silica (0–3wt%), w/c ratio (0.48–0.52wt%), and Plasticizers (0–1wt%) were augmented to acquire the best values of response using the numerical box-behnken design with desirability analysis. The nano silica was replaced by cement in 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% and water–cement ratios of 0.48, 0.50, and 0.52 with the addition of 1% of polycarboxylate admixture in the cement mortar separately. The research work aims to increase the mechanical properties of cement mortar using nano silica and mineral admixtures. The compression test was carried out using ASTM standard mortar cube to investigate their mechanical properties. The optimal results showed that the nano mortar with 2% nano silica, 0.5 water cement ratio (w/c), and 1% plasticizers, attaining high compressive strength and effectively increasing the mechanical properties of cement mortar.
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is one of the metal additive manufacturing methods in which rapid fabrication is possible for components of big size. A significant amount of heat energy is transferred to the workpiece during this process, with a defined idle period so that the workpiece cools down between each layer of deposition. This variable cooling rate technique keeps the workpiece from collapsing and crack growth by maintaining a proper inter-pass temperature. The main challenge is to choose an inter-pass ambient cooling time to mitigate the residual stresses and distortions induced in the workpiece. A numerical model is developed to study the variation of residual stress with respect to change in the cooling time of WAAM process. The material’s thermal and mechanical behaviour was instigated using finite element analysis, by introducing DFLUX SUBROUTINE within ABAQUS 6.20 SOFTWARE. The simulation results were analyzed and the optimum inter-pass cooling time obtained was 800 sec.
