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![Figure 2 -Persistence of SARS-COV-2 on surfaces [19].](profile/Mansooreh-Momen-Heravi/publication/340417975/figure/fig2/AS:876334729420805@1585945889454/Persistence-of-SARS-COV-2-on-surfaces-19_Q320.jpg)
In late December 2019, reports from China of the incidence of pneumonia with unknown etiology were sent to the World Health Organization (WHO). Shortly after-wards, the cause of this disease was identified as the novel beta-coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and its genetic sequence was published on January 12, 2020. Human-to-human transmission via respirato...
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... or N95 are the gold standard to protection against very small particles [32,33]. Figure 4 shows the types of masks based on the filter capacity, the ability to capture particles with a diameter of 0.3 microns or larger. ...
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Patient: Male, 53-year-old
Final Diagnosis: Autoimmune pancreatitis type 1 • COVID-19
Symptoms: Abdominal and/or epigastric pain • fever
Medication: —
Clinical Procedure: —
Specialty: Gastroenterology and Hepatology • Infectious Diseases
Objective
Unusual clinical course
Background
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare, steroid-responsive disea...
Citations
... Caso as medidas de proteção não sejam utilizadas de forma adequada, não há garantia de proteção efetiva contra a infecção por SARS- CoV-2 (AQUINO et al., 2020). Assim, a utilização inadequada, inconsistente ou a falta de conhecimento na aplicação das medidas de prevenção podem levar à contaminação dos profissionais de saúde, possibilitando a transmissão do vírus por meio de contaminação cruzada (FATHIZADEH et al., 2020), resultando na disseminação do vírus para pacientes, contribuindo para infecções nos ambientes de assistência à saúde e em ambientes domésticos, entre familiares e amigos. Além disso, esse cenário pode levar a internações prolongadas, sobrecarga nos sistemas de saúde e aumento da morbidade e mortalidade (LASALVIA et al.,2021). ...
Sabe-se que os trabalhadores da saúde, devido ao seu processo de trabalho, estão expostos a riscos de adoecimento por agentes biológicos. Este estudo buscou testar a efetividade de intervenção educativa sobre medidas de proteção contra contaminação, adotadas por trabalhadores da saúde no enfrentamento da COVID-19. Trata-se de um estudo quase-experimental, do tipo pré e pós-teste, com amostra não randomizada. Os dados foram coletados com trabalhadores da saúde vinculados ao município de Palmas – TO, antes de intervenção educativa, em duas fases: a primeira de junho a agosto de 2020 e a segunda de abril a junho de 2021. Os participantes responderam ao Questionário sobre o perfil pessoal e laboral e o Questionário para avaliação do conhecimento e comportamento referido sobre precauções padrão e precauções baseados na transmissão, incluindo paramentação e desparamentação e foram avaliados quanto a técnica de higienização das mãos com solução alcoólica fluorescente. Quanto às medidas de proteção adotadas no enfrentamento da COVID-19 verificou-se que a mediana da pontuação para precauções padrão foi de 15 em 2020 e 16 em 2021; ao passo que a mediana para precauções específicas foi de 7 em 2020 e 8 em 2021. Na associação da participação prévia em intervenção educativa sobre biossegurança e as variáveis precaução padrão, precaução específica e higienização das mãos verificou-se que ter participado da atividade educativa em 2020 foi fator de proteção (OR = 0,36; IC95%: 0,12-0,97) para higienização adequada das mãos. Evidenciou que a intervenção educativa emerge como uma ferramenta importante no enfrentamento de cenários similares aos da pandemia da COVID-19.
... Therefore, adherence to masks is crucial. According to research, SARS-CoV-2 may remain active for hours or even days on a number of surfaces, such as wood and latex gloves [17]. While the study found that 58% of the participant committed to wearing gloves, while 42% did not. ...
During COVID-19 pandemic, disinfection is a commonly used practice to control and prevent spreading the infection. Overexposure to these chemicals has led to negative health consequences. This study aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge and effects of the overuse of disinfectants during the COVID-19 outbreak in Baghdad, Iraq. One hundred employees working in medical field (Ibn Al-Bitar Research Center/ Corporation of research and Industrial Development, Ministry of Industry and Minerals – Iraq) were participated in a cross-sectional questionnaire survey conducted between January and March 2022. The study found that 68% of participants were confirmed to be infected with the virus, while 32% were not. The participants showed a significant age and gender distribution. According to data, 86% of the participant committed to wearing masks, 58% committed to wearing gloves while 35% committed to wearing both gloves and masks. People pick news as their main information source over social media. Furthermore, 70% of participants used ethanol for hand sterilization, while 36% used gel hand sanitizers from different manufactures. According to health consequences that appeared with different symptoms and documented during overuse of disinfectant, the regular hand sanitizer use could cause irritation and skin damage for 33% of the participants, while 67% did not show any reaction. Employers with health symptoms suggested to be related to sterilizer overuse were found to be 33% and 35% affected in skin and breathing, respectively. To summarize, this survey provides a scientific vision on the negative side effect of the excessive use of disinfectant on health which should increase the public awareness worldwide.
... Table 3 is formulated to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed preventive strategy, as detection ratings. Factors that influence the effectiveness are (i) screening protocols of risks and symptoms [27], (ii) cleaning and disinfection protocols [28], and (iii) PPE [29]. ...
Leveraging the concept of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), we propose a simple and systematic approach, namely Transmission Cause and Effect Analysis (TCEA), to achieve a defined goal of reducing transmission risk through effective preventive and control actions in real-world environments. Specifically, the transmission risk of an infectious disease (e.g., COVID-19) is perceived as a combination of the presence of a transmission agent (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 virus or its variants) and the requisite factors that lead to infection of humans and the associated aftermath of infection. TCEA adopts a causal map to represent all possible transmission risks via a brainstorming process. Next, appropriate preventive and control actions associated with each transmission risk are identified. Similar to FMEA, a Risk Priority Number model with Severity, Occurrence, and Detection ratings is adopted for analysis, prioritization, and decision-making. To demonstrate the usefulness of TCEA, a real-world case study on COVID-19 is conducted. The empirical results indicate that TCEA provide a simple, systematic and easy-to-implement approach to effectively analyze and manage transmission risks of COVID-19 in non-healthcare workplaces.
... Chemical disinfectants were used to disinfect and sterilize )namely, alcohols, chlorines, peroxides, and quaternary amines(, which are useful against a wide range of disorders. 63 The majority of chemical disinfectants have restrictions, such as the requirement for high concentrations to destroy viruses, a progressive loss in efficacy over time, and major environmental and human health hazards. Similarly, NPs, such as silver, copper and titanium dioxide )TiO2(. ...
To maintain a clean and hygienic environment in the intensive care unit (ICU) is crucial for ensuring patient safety, preventing infections, and reducing healthcare-associated complications. With the increasing prevalence of infections and the emergence of viral and bacterial resistance to standard antiseptics, there is a pressing need for innovative antiseptic solutions. Nanotechnology is increasingly being employed in medicine, particularly focusing on mitigating the activities of various pathogens, including those associated with hospital-acquired infections. This paper explores the current impact of nanotechnology, with a particular focus on bacterial infections and SARS-CoV-2, which significantly strain healthcare systems, and then discusses how nanotechnology can enhance existing treatment methodologies. We highlight the effectiveness of the nanotechnology-based bactericide Bio-Kil in reducing bacterial counts in an ICU. The aim is to educate healthcare professionals on the existing role and prospects of nanotechnology in addressing prevalent infectious diseases.
... As per the CDC, the risk factors for the transmission of SAR-CoV-2 have not been identified yet 3 . But due to the widely spread of this pandemic and also the availability of the evidences that shows that this virus can persist on the surface for about few hours to few days, it has been recommended to wash the hands persistently and disinfectants should be used simultaneously to control the virus 28 .It is also necessary to maintain the sanitary conditions while relocation and preparation of food by: ...
... washing hands properly 28,29 , separating raw meat from other foods 28,29 , cooking at high temperatures 28,29 , storing food in the refrigerator 28,29 . ...
... washing hands properly 28,29 , separating raw meat from other foods 28,29 , cooking at high temperatures 28,29 , storing food in the refrigerator 28,29 . ...
The epidemic of Covid-19 has caused a panic situation among the people around the world. The novel corona virus (SARS-CoV-2) was identified in Wuhan, in the Hubei Province of China, in December 2019.People have become worried about their health conditions as it seems like a serious threat to the health of people throughout the globe. There can be several factors that can contribute in the transmission of this virus; therefore, in this review report we discussed the role of environmental factors in transmission of navel Corona virus and the effect of smoke on its transmission. The effect of smoke can also be a factor in increasing the severity of the novel corona virus as it can affect the respiratory system. It has been estimated by the previous studies that with the increase of 1 °C minimum ambient air temperature, the number of cases decreases by 0.86%. The transmission of virus through food and food handlers can be a risk factor in transmitting the virus to others. Although there are no clear evidence of transmission of virus reported through contaminated water, waste water, but the chances of transmission of virus through them can be a factor so precautionary measures (such as wearing mask or facial mask, gloves, washing hands and the use of disinfectants) should be taken.
... Dicho virus produce infecciones respiratorias en humanos tras su transmisión a través de gotas respiratorias. Entre las medidas instauradas para impedir su propagación se aplicaron acciones inmediatas destinadas a la prevención de infecciones respiratorias (distanciamiento social y cuarentena, desinfección de manos y uso de mascarillas protectoras) y la adquisición de la inmunidad de grupo a través de la administración de vacunas específicas (2) . ...
Introducción: Tras declararse la pandemia mundial por el coronavirus COVID-19, se instauraron medidas para combatirlo, destacando la existencia de vacunas frente a la COVID-19: dos de ARN mensajero [ARNm] y dos de vector viral no replicante [VVNR]. Nuestro objetivo fue contribuir a la ampliación del perfil de seguridad de dichas vacunas mediante la detección y notificación de reacciones adversas (RAs) en un área sanitaria con 174.398 tarjetas sanitarias durante el año 2021. Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo realizado en un hospital de segundo nivel. Las fuentes de detección de las RAs fueron: Sistema de Codificación del Centro al Alta del Paciente Ingresado [SIAC] y notificación espontánea. Los datos empleados fueron extraídos de la historia clínica electrónica y recogidos en un documento de Microsoft Excell. Resultados: De las 654 RAs detectadas, 36 pertenecieron a vacunas frente a la COVID-19, detectándose el 72 % mediante notificación espontánea y siendo el 91,67 % graves. Se produjeron en 29 pacientes (mediana de edad: 61 años; 51,72 % mujeres), dos de ellos con infección previa por COVID-19. El 50 % de las RAs sucedieron tras la segunda dosis. Destacaron: trombosis venosa profunda (TVP), tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) y miopericarditis con vacunas de ARNm; y vasculitis y miocarditis en VVNR. Conclusiones: Aunque la bibliografía disponible señala que la frecuencia de RAs graves con dichas vacunas suele ser rara, resulta importante su seguimiento. El alto porcentaje de RAs detectadas por notificación espontánea refleja la implicación de los profesionales sanitarios en la ampliación del perfil de seguridad.
... Coronaviridae and genus Betacoronavirus that emerged in Wuhan, China, during the year 2019, and infection developed by this virus is called COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) [1,2]. This infection caused wide range of disorders and widely studied during the past year [3,4]. It has different clinical manifestations from lung, blood clotting, and liver to kidney disorders [5]. ...
... Also, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in terms of glucose and protein levels, white blood cell (WBC) count, CSF culture, and staining is one of the most important laboratory tests for identifying or ruling out the causative organism [7]. In children and adults, WBC count of normal CSF is 0-5 cells\mm 3 , and values more than this norm were considered as an abnormality [7]. Also, under normal circumstances, glucose and protein concentrations of CSF include 45-80 mg/dL and <45 mg/dL, respectively [7]. ...
Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first introduced in China in 2019, and it has rapidly spread all around the world. Cryptococcus neoformans is the leading cause of fungal meningitis in human immunodeficiency virus- (HIV-) infected patients. A variety of laboratory tests have been introduced for rapid diagnosis of meningitis.
Methods
Here, we report a case of coinfection with COVID-19 and cryptococcal meningitis in a HIV-positive patient with abnormal laboratory findings. In this case, COVID-19 was positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and computerized tomography (CT) scan diagnosis. Cryptococcal antigen testing of CSF was negative, whereas India ink staining and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture confirmed the presence of C. neoformans.
Results
Although the patient was in a critical stage of illness, serum and CSF levels of procalcitonin were abnormally low, within normal limits. On the other hand, although initial lumbar puncture had showed elevated protein level, the repeat CSFs presented remarkably reduced protein levels. Our findings indicate that despite COVID-19 infection, procalcitonin level may remain normal in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis, and findings of an apparently normal procalcitonin level should not exclude the possibility of infection. Also, antigen testing may present false-negative result, and it should not be the sole laboratory method for diagnosis of infectious meningitis. Consequently, CSF culture and staining is recommended, even when antigen testing of organism is negative and CSF profile is unremarkable.
Conclusion
Laboratory information should be combined with a good understanding of clinical manifestations of patient to determine if meningitis is present and confirmed COVID-19 should not ignore possibility of other infections for consideration.
... Also, the fact that individuals turn to organic nutrition and take vitamin supplements has shown that their nutritional habits are also affected. (1,2). Koronavirüsler insanlarda soğuk algınlığına benzer hafif hastalıklara neden olurken, diğer türleri (MERS -Orta Doğu Solunum Sendromu ve SARS) daha ciddi hastalıklara neden olmaktadır (3). ...
... %2,0 (10) %0,2 (1) %3,4 (17) 0 -750 TL %0,6 (3) %1,0 (5) %0,0 (0) %1,6 (8) 751 -1500 TL %0,4 (2) %1,6 (8) %1,2 (6) %3,2 (16) ...
AMAÇ: Bu araştırma ile koronavirüs (COVID-19) küresel salgınının yaşandığı bu dönemde, bireylerin pandemi ile ilgili bilgi düzeylerinin, gıda hijyeni ve gıda alışverişlerindeki tutumlarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Çalışma Türkiye’nin farklı illerinde ikamet eden ve yaşları 18 ile 65 arasında değişen gönüllü bireyleri içermektedir. Araştırmaya katılan bireylerin demografik özelliklerini, mutfak kullanımı ve gıda alışverişi esnasında hijyen ile ilgili konularda bilgi ve tutumlarını belirlemeyi amaçlayan 17 sorudan ve 505 katılımcıdan oluşan çevrimiçi bir anket çalışmasıdır. BULGULAR: Çalışmaya katılan bireylerin %53,9’unun yaşları 18 ile 65 arasında olan erkeklerden oluşmaktadır. COVID-19’un bir viral enfeksiyon olduğunu bilen bireylerin oranı %68 iken bu etkene karşı önlem almayanların oranı ise %3.8 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ankete katılanların %54.4’ü COVID-19 PCR testini yaptırdığını bildirirken bunların %19,4’ü pozitif olduğunu belirtmiştir. Etkenin gıdalar aracılığıyla bulaşmadığını fakat gıda ambalajları ile bulaşabileceğini düşünenlerin oranı ise %39.8 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, bireylerin yaşları büyüdükçe, öğrenim ve ekonomik gelir durumu arttıkça, COVID-19’un gıdalar ile bulaşmayacağını düşünenlerin sayısı anlamlı derecede artmıştır. Bununla birlikte kendisini büyük risk altında olduğunu düşünenlerin oranı %40 olarak tespit edilirken COVID-19’dan korunmak için alınan tedbirler arasında en fazla (%46,7) maske, eldiven, dezenfektan ve sosyal mesafenin birlikte kullanılması görülmüştür. Yapılan market alışverişleri sonrasında ürünleri hiç bekletmeden kullanan bireyler, kendilerini risk altında görmemektedirler. Çalışmaya katılanların %51.7’si el yıkama alışkanlıklarındaki değişiklikleri ve su tüketim miktarlarındaki artışları bildirmişlerdir. Ayrıca çalışmaya katılan bireylerin bağışıklıklarını güçlendirmek için en yüksek oranla (%38.7) organik beslenmeyi tercih ettikleri görülmüştür. SONUÇ: Pandemi sürecinde, gıda hijyenine verilen önemin anlamlı derecede arttığı görülürken, eş zamanlı olarak su tüketimi ve el yıkama alışkanlıklarının da değiştiği görülmüştür. Bunun yanı sıra bireylerin COVID-19’un bulaşma yolları ile ilgili bireylerin bilgi seviyelerinin, bireylerin eğitim düzeyleri, gelir seviyeleri ve yaşa göre farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bireylerin, organik beslenmeye yönelmesi ve vitamin takviyeleri alması, beslenme alışkanlıklarının da etkilendiğini göstermiştir.
... Le diagnostic repose sur la mise en évidence de l'ARN par réaction de polymérisation en chaine (PCR) ou du scanner des poumons (6). Le taux de reproduction de base (R) (le nombre attendu de cas générés directement par un cas dans une population où tous les individus sont sensibles à l'infection) du SRAS-CoV-2 a été estimé entre 5 et 6, ce qui est sensiblement plus élevé que celui de la grippe saisonnière qui varie de 1 à 2) (7). ...
Journal of african clinical cases and reviews / Journal africain des cas cliniques et revues www.jaccrafrica.com
... Use of alcohol and soap with water are of equal importance, 16 however, if hands are visibly contaminated soap with water is preferred over alcohol. 17 Alcohol based cleansers must contain at least 60% of alcohol and skin should be exposed to alcohol for at least 20 to 30 seconds until dry. 1 As for soap and water, the recommended duration of cleaning is 60 to 90 seconds. Local authorities for making infection control guidelines also make it clear that using hand gloves is not a substitute for hand hygiene. ...
Objectives:
To review the strategies for controlling COVID-19 transmission among doctors involved in aerosol generating procedures.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad from September to November 2020, using a 21-itemed initially piloted self-administered questionnaire designed on Google forms. It was shared with doctors involved in Aerosol generating medical procedures (AGMPs) by using social media applications. After the data was collected, it was analyzed using SPSS version 21.
Results:
A total of 136 doctors participated in the study that included 59 female and 77 male participants. Our 67 (49.3%) participants screened their patients for signs and symptoms of COVID-19 before a routine checkup. The most common disinfectant used for reusable medical equipment by 62 (45.6%) respondents was alcohol swab, 57 (41.9%) did not disinfect reusable equipment and 17 (12.5%) used Dettol water spray.
Conclusion:
Majority of the doctors involved in AGMPS are not following the guidelines provided by international and national bodies. As such adherence to guidelines can help prevent COVID19 transmission in frontline doctors especially those involved in aerosol generating procedures.
