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Types of data that AR/VR technologies rely on to create user experiences
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AR/VR devices create novel issues for user privacy due to the scope, scale, and sensitivity of the information they collect. To mitigate harms, policymakers should reform the current patchwork regulatory landscape for data privacy, which fails to address some risks while over-regulating in response to others.
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Citations
... This suggests that VR devices can capture more characteristics than traditional communication tools, enabling the identification of participants and the estimation of environmental information behind them. Dick (18) discuss how data observable by others, such as virtual avatars and surrounding environments, are essential for enhancing the immersive experience of VR/AR. This also addresses the privacy concerns associated with such data, emphasizing the need for users to be able to choose, in a transparent manner, when and how their data is observed to mitigate privacy risks. ...
... Data privacy protection is necessary to ensure individuals have control over their identity-relevant private data (Ishmaev, 2021). Virtual reality environments often require the collection and use of personal data, which can be subject to theft, misuse, and other security risks (Dick, 2021). These risks include exposing users to significant personal and reputational harm and privacy concerns that have yet to be fully addressed (Hunter, 2022). ...
The metaverse can extend the physical world using augmented and virtual reality technologies, allowing users to seamlessly interact within virtual and simulated environments using avatars and holograms. This investigation strives to analyze the relationship between technology and the metaverse on traditional absolute sovereignty control of modern national states’ territories to understand better the potential impact of emerging virtual environments on the established structures and systems of physical governance. As technology continues to evolve and the metaverse grows in size and complexity, examining how it may challenge traditional notions of territorial sovereignty and governance is essential. It can occur in several ways, such as borderless access, jurisdictional disputes, decentralization of power, and cyber security concerns. Based on secondary data, the study showed different ways technology and the metaverse intersect with traditional state control. It can identify potential conflict areas and develop strategies to adapt to this rapidly evolving landscape. Therefore, it is to gain a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between technology, the metaverse, and the traditional structures of governance that have shaped our world. The ultimate goal is to structure the metaverse in morally acceptable ways and collectively the most democratically beneficial for society.
... Instead of targeting the technologies themselves, stakeholders should focus on understanding and justifying the actual harms associated with this data. This method enables developers to distinguish between user preferences and critical privacy risks, with developers directly addressing privacy preferences and policymakers prevailing to mitigate potential harm from user information (Dick, 2021). Virtual reality raises ethical concerns related to physiological and mental impacts and behavioural and social aspects. ...
Extended reality (XR) includes virtual reality, augmented reality, and spatial computing. It introduces a spectrum of immersive technologies with the potential for pathbreaking interactions and unique digital engagement. In the case of online retailing, XR is crucial for personalization, interactivity, and information acquisition. The present study focuses on ethical considerations as limitations of extended reality. The sample size chosen for the study was 289 retail consumers. The sampling method used was judgement sampling. The data analysis was conducted with the help of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA) and artificial neural network (ANN). It was found that the ethical dimensions of XR such as privacy concerns, informed consent, security risks and psychological impact significantly influence the wise use of XR by consumers.
... The findings also indicate that ARM is perceived as somewhat vulnerable in terms of privacy and security (Dick, 2021). When interacting with any ARM platform, companies must request access to consumers' cameras. ...
Augmented Reality (AR) enhances an individual's perception of reality by adding digital elements to the physical world. Augmented Reality Marketing (ARM) occurs when AR is used to support branding or sales. This research aims to bridge the gap in the literature regarding ARM, particularly in the context of High Involvement Products (HIP). Through interviews and observations, this study highlights consumer views on ARM in the context of HIP. The results show that consumers see ARM as a valuable tool that provides informative and emotional benefits, increasing their interest in purchasing HIP. However, ARM is not seen as a replacement for other sources of information but rather as a complement. Despite being perceived as time-consuming and difficult to use, ARM has great potential as a standard practice in the future. Consumers find ARM especially useful when product design is a primary focus in the purchase decision. Therefore, the application of ARM may not be essential for all companies, as its main advantage lies in its ability to visualize products in real-life situations before purchase.
... To better comprehend and prevent this issue, we suggest that future research should start by asking what data types can be collected by XR sensors. The investigation by the XR Safety Initiative (XRSI) research lab's 1st XR data classification roundtable conference [87] and Dick [14] in 2021 have laid the groundwork for examining how VR and AR use data. However, several questions still need to be answered. ...
... revealed a need for regulating the collection and use of XR data, especially data from unwillingly involved parties (e.g., other users and bystanders). A recent analysis of privacy regulations shows that current frameworks are inadequate in addressing the possible risks of XR technologies [14]. The challenge of balancing innovation with regulation is not a novel issue. ...
... In light of the privacy concerns XR technologies raise, we thus suggest policymakers conduct a thorough review of how well existing policies and regulatory frameworks work in the XR space. The assessment of US regulations [14], XR user privacy concern and protection-seeking strategies [30], and the Oculus VR privacy policies [82] serve as a starting point. However, there needs to be more research into regulatory frameworks in other countries and the policies for other XR devices and applications. ...
The well-established deceptive design literature has focused on conventional user interfaces. With the rise of extended reality (XR), understanding deceptive design's unique manifestations in this immersive domain is crucial. However, existing research lacks a full, cross-disciplinary analysis that analyzes how XR technologies enable new forms of deceptive design. Our study reviews the literature on deceptive design in XR environments. We use thematic synthesis to identify key themes. We found that XR's immersive capabilities and extensive data collection enable subtle and powerful manipulation strategies. We identified eight themes outlining these strategies and discussed existing countermeasures. Our findings show the unique risks of deceptive design in XR, highlighting implications for researchers, designers, and policymakers. We propose future research directions that explore unintentional deceptive design, data-driven manipulation solutions, user education, and the link between ethical design and policy regulations.
... Existing literature had explored privacy issues around AR browsers [45], social VR [42,43,51], VR learning [25], and behavioural biometrics [47,56] from the developers' perspective. These investigations have employed various methodologies to explore the potential privacy risks posed by XR, such as analyzing the system functional requirements [15,45,51], using threat modeling of internal and external vulnerabilities [25], and surveying existing privacy policies [2,15]. However, the perceptions of XR users were rarely assessed. ...
... Existing literature had explored privacy issues around AR browsers [45], social VR [42,43,51], VR learning [25], and behavioural biometrics [47,56] from the developers' perspective. These investigations have employed various methodologies to explore the potential privacy risks posed by XR, such as analyzing the system functional requirements [15,45,51], using threat modeling of internal and external vulnerabilities [25], and surveying existing privacy policies [2,15]. However, the perceptions of XR users were rarely assessed. ...
... Although previous research has investigated potential privacy risks in XR technologies, most of them focused on technical aspects of the issues through threat modelling [25,76], system functional requirements analyses [15,45,51], privacy policy examinations [2,15], and expert discussions [1]. ...
Extended Reality (XR) technology is changing online interactions, but its granular data collection sensors may be more invasive to user privacy than web, mobile, and the Internet of Things technologies. Despite an increased interest in studying developers' concerns about XR device privacy, user perceptions have rarely been addressed. We surveyed 464 XR users to assess their awareness, concerns, and coping strategies around XR data in 18 scenarios. Our findings demonstrate that many factors, such as data types and sensitivity, affect users' perceptions of privacy in XR. However, users' limited awareness of XR sensors' granular data collection capabilities , such as involuntary body signals of emotional responses, restricted the range of privacy-protective strategies they used. Our results highlight a need to enhance users' awareness of data privacy threats in XR, design privacy-choice interfaces tailored to XR environments, and develop transparent XR data practices.
... Existing literature had explored privacy issues around AR browsers [45], social VR [42,43,51], VR learning [25], and behavioural biometrics [47,56] from the developers' perspective. These investigations have employed various methodologies to explore the potential privacy risks posed by XR, such as analyzing the system functional requirements [15,45,51], using threat modeling of internal and external vulnerabilities [25], and surveying existing privacy policies [2,15]. However, the perceptions of XR users were rarely assessed. ...
... Existing literature had explored privacy issues around AR browsers [45], social VR [42,43,51], VR learning [25], and behavioural biometrics [47,56] from the developers' perspective. These investigations have employed various methodologies to explore the potential privacy risks posed by XR, such as analyzing the system functional requirements [15,45,51], using threat modeling of internal and external vulnerabilities [25], and surveying existing privacy policies [2,15]. However, the perceptions of XR users were rarely assessed. ...
... Although previous research has investigated potential privacy risks in XR technologies, most of them focused on technical aspects of the issues through threat modelling [25,76], system functional requirements analyses [15,45,51], privacy policy examinations [2,15], and expert discussions [1]. ...
Extended Reality (XR) technology is changing online interactions, but its granular data collection sensors may be more invasive to user privacy than web, mobile, and the Internet of Things technologies. Despite an increased interest in studying developers' concerns about XR device privacy, user perceptions have rarely been addressed. We surveyed 464 XR users to assess their awareness, concerns, and coping strategies around XR data in 18 scenarios. Our findings demonstrate that many factors, such as data types and sensitivity, affect users' perceptions of privacy in XR. However, users' limited awareness of XR sensors' granular data collection capabilities , such as involuntary body signals of emotional responses, restricted the range of privacy-protective strategies they used. Our results highlight a need to enhance users' awareness of data privacy threats in XR, design privacy-choice interfaces tailored to XR environments, and develop transparent XR data practices. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing → Empirical studies in HCI; • Security and privacy → Human and societal aspects of security and privacy; • Computing methodologies → Perception; Virtual reality; Mixed / augmented reality.
... This kind of customization may not be achieved in traditional exposure therapy [32,33]. In addition, the risks associated with privacy intrusion reduce as everything is transformed into a virtual environment [34]. Simulated and augmented environments are less scary than the use of in vivo and imaginal exposure in conventional therapy [30]. ...
Background
Mental health disorders are the leading cause of health-related problems worldwide. It is projected that mental health disorders will be the leading cause of morbidity among adults as the incidence rates of anxiety and depression grow worldwide. Recently, “extended reality” (XR), a general term covering virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), is paving the way for the delivery of mental health care.
Objective
We aimed to investigate the adoption and implementation of XR technology used in interventions for mental disorders and to provide statistical analyses of the design, usage, and effectiveness of XR technology for mental health interventions with a worldwide demographic focus.
Methods
In this paper, we conducted a scoping review of the development and application of XR in the area of mental disorders. We performed a database search to identify relevant studies indexed in Google Scholar, PubMed, and the ACM Digital Library. A search period between August 2016 and December 2023 was defined to select papers related to the usage of VR, AR, and MR in a mental health context. The database search was performed with predefined queries, and a total of 831 papers were identified. Ten papers were identified through professional recommendation. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were designed and applied to ensure that only relevant studies were included in the literature review.
Results
We identified a total of 85 studies from 27 countries worldwide that used different types of VR, AR, and MR techniques for managing 14 types of mental disorders. By performing data analysis, we found that most of the studies focused on high-income countries, such as the United States (n=14, 16.47%) and Germany (n=12, 14.12%). None of the studies were for African countries. The majority of papers reported that XR techniques lead to a significant reduction in symptoms of anxiety or depression. The majority of studies were published in 2021 (n=26, 30.59%). This could indicate that mental disorder intervention received higher attention when COVID-19 emerged. Most studies (n=65, 76.47%) focused on a population in the age range of 18-65 years, while few studies (n=2, 3.35%) focused on teenagers (ie, subjects in the age range of 10-19 years). In addition, more studies were conducted experimentally (n=67, 78.82%) rather than by using analytical and modeling approaches (n=8, 9.41%). This shows that there is a rapid development of XR technology for mental health care. Furthermore, these studies showed that XR technology can effectively be used for evaluating mental disorders in a similar or better way that conventional approaches.
Conclusions
In this scoping review, we studied the adoption and implementation of XR technology for mental disorder care. Our review shows that XR treatment yields high patient satisfaction, and follow-up assessments show significant improvement with large effect sizes. Moreover, the studies adopted unique designs that were set up to record and analyze the symptoms reported by their participants. This review may aid future research and development of various XR mechanisms for differentiated mental disorder procedures.
... Problem Context: The Internet of Things (IoT) sensors incorporated in the MR platforms collect vast amounts of heterogeneous data (such as biometric and physiological), combining human interaction with the physical and digital worlds Bailenson (2018). For example, MR platforms can collect sensitive eye tracking David-John et al. (2023) and heart rate data from a user Dick (2021) 1 , which can be used for personalized recommendations or to persuade a user to buy a product or service Bailenson (2018) 2 . In general, there is privacy 3 concerns related to immersive virtual world-focused platforms such as MR David-John et al. (2023) and Guzman et al. (2021). ...
Mixed reality (MR) has recently emerged as a popular technology enabling people to interact with virtual and physical worlds. MR involves a combination of complex and advanced technologies, including hardware and software, where users' private data are collected, stored, and processed. Keeping user data secure and private while letting users control their data is not popular among current MR platform owners or third parties. This research proposes a generic blockchain-based MR framework to protect users' private data and alert them about their data access. Blockchain is a data protection layer on MR platforms and relies on fog to support latency-sensitive MR applications. This article presents a framework with core components, followed by a case study elaborating on accessing medical records to present its usefulness. We also present the results of network performance tests, design considerations, and existing technical challenges.
... time taken to treat a patient, number of victims saved). Although this data is the basis of the core functionality and what makes the technology so compelling, it raises several concerns about data privacy [9]. Following GDPR guidelines, the 'data minimization principle should be adhered to, which entails acquiring only necessary and relevant data [10]. ...