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Bioplastics are biobased polymers with two sustainability concepts: biodegradability and renewability. On the one hand, bioplastics that biodegrade to CO2 and H2O in the environment can be produced, e.g. avoiding litter and damage to marine organisms. On the other hand, renewable feedstocks instead of petroleum can be used, for instance corn, sugar...
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... Fig. 2 shows, a material that is either renewable or biodegradable qualifies as biopolymer. There are also “partly biobased” biodegradable and non -biodegradable biopolymers, if for instance only one blending partner or only part of the feedstock is derived from renewable resources, compare Table 3. The content of biobased carbon can be determined by radiocarbon analysis according to ISO 16620 and ASTM D 6866-05 [22], [23]. The measurement has a high accuracy, compare Table 4 below. In this context, one can also talk about „hybrid“ plastics (not to be confused with those plastics that contain inorganic and organic components). As it can be seen from Fig. 2 and Table 3, bioplastics can be renewable and/or degradable. They can contribute to sustainability [24] at “the crad l e” or at “the grave”, or both. The box in the bottom left of Fig. 2 is “conventional plastics”, whereas the other 3 boxes can be considered biobased polymers. The distinction, due to the 2 dimensions, is somewhat blurred, since many plastics on the market contain bioplastics to a certain extent in blends with conventional polymers. Degradable bioplastics are intended for short-lived, disposable products. Biobaased durable plastics are to replace conventionally produced plastics goods. A bioplastics material can also fulfil both criteria. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), thermoplastic starches (TPS), and polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHA are based on natural/renewable feedstock and exhibit biodegradation under various conditions. Products such as biobased polyamides and biopolyethylene are fabricated from bio- derived feedstocks but are not degradable. On the other hand, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and poly(butylenes succinate) (PBS) are typically manufactured from petrochemical feedstocks but are ...
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... Fig. 2 shows, a material that is either renewable or biodegradable qualifies as biopolymer. There are also “partly biobased” biodegradable and non -biodegradable biopolymers, if for instance only one blending partner or only part of the feedstock is derived from renewable resources, compare Table 3. The content of biobased carbon can be determined by radiocarbon analysis according to ISO 16620 and ASTM D 6866-05 [22], [23]. The measurement has a high accuracy, compare Table 4 below. In this context, one can also talk about „hybrid“ plastics (not to be confused with those plastics that contain inorganic and organic components). As it can be seen from Fig. 2 and Table 3, bioplastics can be renewable and/or degradable. They can contribute to sustainability [24] at “the crad l e” or at “the grave”, or both. The box in the bottom left of Fig. 2 is “conventional plastics”, whereas the other 3 boxes can be considered biobased polymers. The distinction, due to the 2 dimensions, is somewhat blurred, since many plastics on the market contain bioplastics to a certain extent in blends with conventional polymers. Degradable bioplastics are intended for short-lived, disposable products. Biobaased durable plastics are to replace conventionally produced plastics goods. A bioplastics material can also fulfil both criteria. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), thermoplastic starches (TPS), and polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHA are based on natural/renewable feedstock and exhibit biodegradation under various conditions. Products such as biobased polyamides and biopolyethylene are fabricated from bio- derived feedstocks but are not degradable. On the other hand, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and poly(butylenes succinate) (PBS) are typically manufactured from petrochemical feedstocks but are ...
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... Fig. 2 shows, a material that is either renewable or biodegradable qualifies as biopolymer. There are also “partly biobased” biodegradable and non -biodegradable biopolymers, if for instance only one blending partner or only part of the feedstock is derived from renewable resources, compare Table 3. The content of biobased carbon can be determined by radiocarbon analysis according to ISO 16620 and ASTM D 6866-05 [22], [23]. The measurement has a high accuracy, compare Table 4 below. In this context, one can also talk about „hybrid“ plastics (not to be confused with those plastics that contain inorganic and organic components). As it can be seen from Fig. 2 and Table 3, bioplastics can be renewable and/or degradable. They can contribute to sustainability [24] at “the crad l e” or at “the grave”, or both. The box in the bottom left of Fig. 2 is “conventional plastics”, whereas the other 3 boxes can be considered biobased polymers. The distinction, due to the 2 dimensions, is somewhat blurred, since many plastics on the market contain bioplastics to a certain extent in blends with conventional polymers. Degradable bioplastics are intended for short-lived, disposable products. Biobaased durable plastics are to replace conventionally produced plastics goods. A bioplastics material can also fulfil both criteria. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), thermoplastic starches (TPS), and polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHA are based on natural/renewable feedstock and exhibit biodegradation under various conditions. Products such as biobased polyamides and biopolyethylene are fabricated from bio- derived feedstocks but are not degradable. On the other hand, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and poly(butylenes succinate) (PBS) are typically manufactured from petrochemical feedstocks but are ...
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... have 2 aspects: “ green ” educt and/or “green” product: Use of a “green” feedstock for the production of conventional polymers (so- called “drop in polymers” ): renewability Synthesis of “green” polymers: biodegradability This is illustrated in Fig. 2 ...
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... of ''green'' polymers: biodegradability. This is illustrated in Figure 2. As Figure 2 shows, a material that is either renewable or biodegradable qualifies as biopolymer. ...
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... of ''green'' polymers: biodegradability. This is illustrated in Figure 2. As Figure 2 shows, a material that is either renewable or biodegradable qualifies as biopolymer. There are also ''partly bio- based'' biodegradable and nonbiodegradable biopolymers, if, for instance, only one blending partner or only part of the feedstock is derived from renewable resources (see Table 3). ...
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... can be seen from Figure 2 and Table 3, bioplastics can be renewable and/or degradable. They can contribute to sustainability (24) at ''the cradle,'' at ''the grave,'' or both. ...
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... can contribute to sustainability (24) at ''the cradle,'' at ''the grave,'' or both. The box in the bottom left of Figure 2 is ''conventional plastics,'' whereas the other three boxes can be considered biobased polymers. The distinc- tion, due to the two dimensions, is somewhat blurred, since many plastics on the market contain bioplastics to a certain extent in blends with conventional polymers. ...
Citations
... It has a similar chemical structure but it is synthetically from natural resources or bio-based feedstock to form bio-based purified terephthalic acid (Bio-PTA) and bio-based monoethylene glycol. The commercial Bio-PET consists of 30% of bio-mono ethylene glycol (Bio-MEG), and 70% of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) from petroleum-based feedstock because the process of producing bio-based terephthalic acid still obstructs due to difficult producing para-xylene from biomass [4,5] . The Bio-PTA could be synthesized with different methods such as the iso-butanol method, the muconic acid method, the limonene method, or the furfural method [5][6][7] but it is still in the laboratory scale to the best of our knowledge. ...
... The commercial Bio-PET consists of 30% of bio-mono ethylene glycol (Bio-MEG), and 70% of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) from petroleum-based feedstock because the process of producing bio-based terephthalic acid still obstructs due to difficult producing para-xylene from biomass [4,5] . The Bio-PTA could be synthesized with different methods such as the iso-butanol method, the muconic acid method, the limonene method, or the furfural method [5][6][7] but it is still in the laboratory scale to the best of our knowledge. Thus, Bio-PET is usually used in the industry, and this work is produced by 30% Bio-MEG and petroleum-based purified terephthalic acid. ...
The environmental issue of single-use plastic is extremely discussed due to waste accumulation and the consumption of non-renewable resources. This study aims to investigate the properties of bioplastic compared to petroleum-based plastic. Two stages of stretch blow molding were used to fabricate polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and bio-polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) bottles. The shelf life extension of chili sauce paste stored in PET and Bio-PET containers with an oxygen scavenger at 45 ℃ in an accelerated condition was investigated. After twelve weeks, the chili sauce paste stored in the container bottle was observed. PET and Bio-PET bottles without oxygen scavengers were also determined as a control for comparison. The result showed that both PET and Bio-PET bottles with oxygen scavengers could prolong the quality of chili sauce paste similarly, meaning that PET could be replaced by Bio-PET as a chili sauce paste container. Other properties, such as thickness gauge, color, leak test, drop test, and close-open force of the container bottle, were also verified to check the product quality standard.
... As set by the Paris Agreement in 2015 and COP26, COP27 (Climate Change Conference, 2015, Climate Change Conference, 2021, Climate Change Conference, 2022, it has become crucial to limit temperature increase within 1.5 • C and reach carbon neutrality by 2050 to guarantee a decent life for future generations. Climate changes, natural catastrophes, health pandemics are becoming more and more frequent, clearly indicating that humanity must adopt more sustainable approaches (Luzi et al., 2019;Aontee and Sutapun, 2013), rethinking development models in a circular economy prospective (Lackner, 2015;Alaerts et al., 2018;Lambert and Wagner, 2017;Gironi and Piemonte, 2011;McKeown and Jones, 2020). ...
Never as today the need for collaborative interactions between industry, the scientific community, NGOs, policy makers and citizens has become crucial for the development of shared political choices and protection of the environment, for the safeguard of future generations. The complex socio-economic and environmental interconnections that underlie the EU strategy of the last years, within the framework of the Agenda 2030 and the green deal, often create perplexity and confusion that make difficult to outline the definition of a common path to achieve carbon neutrality and "net zero emissions" by 2050. Scope of this work is to give a general overview of EU policies, directives, regulations, and laws concerning polymers and plastic manufacturing, aiming to reduce plastic pollution, allowing for a better understanding of the implications that environmental concern and protection may generate from a social-economical point of view.
... However, it is essential to consider specific factors such as elasticity, water resistance, and filtering characteristics before using them as an alternative. Hence, scholars confirmed that all these requirements can be met by using biodegradable materials in masks, and they further stated that these materials could reduce 30%-70% of CO 2 emissions compared to other plastic-based masks (Lackner, 2015). ...
The emergence of novel respiratory disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a public health emergency worldwide, subsequently causing distressing consequences on the world economy and ecosystem services. Despite growing facts reported in the literature on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental compartments, the virus's transmission via environmental routes, and challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment, no prior study has comprehensively reviewed the bidirectional relationship between COVID-19 and the environment. This review's objective is to emphasize the relationship between the environment and the SARS-CoV-2 virus/COVID-19 and how those two factors interact to affect each other. Evidence-based knowledge displayed here clearly demonstrates the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in soil and water, denoting the role of the environment in the COVID-19 transmission process. However, the majority of studies fail to determine if the viral genomes they have discovered are infectious, which could be affected by the environmental factors in which they are found. Water pollution, chemical contamination, increased production of non-biodegradable waste, and single-use plastics are the environmental impacts of the pandemic that have acquired the most attention in the literature. With some drawbacks, efficient measures have been used to address the current environmental challenges from COVID-19, including the use of environmentally friendly disinfection technologies and employing measures to reduce the production of plastic wastes, such as the reuse and recycling of plastics. Potential solutions to combat the environmental concerns that arise from COVID-19 should be vastly studied in future research. In conclusion, future initiatives, in response to a public health emergency should strike a balance between public health and environmental safety, as the two are closely intertwined.
... Bioplastics are biodegradable plastics and/or are made from biological sources rather than fossil fuels. Similar to traditional plastics, bioplastics have a variety of uses in everyday situations [8]- [9]. The bioplastics' only distinction is that they are made of biodegradable or biobased polymers. ...
Bioplastics were prepared from banana peel extract. The biodegradability of the prepared bioplastics in soil and the shelf-life of bioplastics was investigated. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared using leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi) extract. The AgNPs were characterized using XRD. The average particle size was 17. 185 nm. Another set of bioplastics from banana peel extract was prepared by incorporating the prepared AgNPs. The biodegradability and shelf-life of these bioplastics were compared with virgin samples. The bioplastic was observed to have a shelf life of 10 days only. But the shelf life of the silver nanoparticles incorporated bioplastic increased to 15 days. The silver nanoparticles incorporated bioplastics showed lesser soil degradation (37.54%) compared to the virgin bioplastic (49.97 %).
... Fig. 3 shows that from 2000, interest has grown in bioplastics, continuously increasing. In 1947, the first technical bioplastic was introduced [42]. Therefore, with the developing trend and interest in bioplastic, by the end of 2021, the highest number of documents were published. ...
Due to the rising demand for food and feed, agricultural waste increases, while plastic pollution increases due to hostile human activities. The sustainable way to utilize agricultural waste and promote the bioeconomy concept is to produce an alternative product of plastic, i.e., ‘bioplastic’. This paper used different keywords to perform the bibliometric analysis of the scientific publication related to bioplastic, agricultural waste, and sustainability. Remarkably, results show the increasing research interest in bioplastic with the key developing trends in sustainable bioplastic production, agriculture waste management, biopolymer, and biological processes. The identified developing trends can be used for further research to create a sustainable agricultural sector and produce higher added-value products. Moreover, this study discovered that the agro-biopolymer area needs more focus on sustainable development considering the economic, social, and environmental dimensions.
... In general, different parameters must be evaluated to obtain suitable physical-mechanical characteristics of the final polymeric blends [47,48]. This strategy may be adopted to reduce production costs improving market competitiveness, but it must be considered that polymeric blends' recyclability may be compromised since increasing percentages of B-bP added to F-bP ones, or vice versa, may interfere with conventional recycling techniques [49]. ...
Agri-food wastes (such as brewer’s spent grain, olive pomace, residual pulp from fruit juice production, etc.) are produced annually in very high quantities posing a serious problem, both environmentally and economically. These wastes can be used as secondary starting materials to produce value-added goods within the principles of the circular economy. In this context, this review focuses on the use of agri-food wastes either to produce building blocks for bioplastics manufacturing or biofillers to be mixed with other bioplastics. The pros and cons of the literature analysis have been highlighted, together with the main aspects related to the production of bioplastics, their use and recycling. The high number of European Union (EU)-funded projects for the valorisation of agri-food waste with the best European practices for this industrial sector confirm a growing interest in safeguarding our planet from environmental pollution. However, problems such as the correct labelling and separation of bioplastics from fossil ones remain open and to be optimised, with the possibility of reuse before final composting and selective recovery of biomass.
... In Table 2, some examples of these plastics are given. Synthetic polymers are created by three general reactions: polymerization, polyaddition, and polycondensation [90]. The main chain of addition polymers like polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride is only built from carbons. ...
... It is noteworthy that nonbiodegradability does not mean this kind does not degrade at all. But the breakdown rate of these plastics is prolonged [90]. ...
Plastics’ unique physical and chemical properties made them indispensable parts of our everyday life and technology. Due to the mismanagement of plastic wastes, 10% of global plastic production annually entering the ocean accounts for 60–80% of marine debris.With the current plastic production rate, more plastics will
exist in the oceans than fish by 2050. Plastic waste does not decompose in nature, or its decomposition takes a long time. Among plastic contaminants, microplastics, which are plastic pieces less than 5 mm in size, have attracted much attention because of their potential risks to organisms’ lives. This chapter discusses plastic
polymers, their types, and their features that affect plastics’ degradation. Here, we present the interaction between organisms and microplastics and their hazardous effects on living organisms. Bioremediation and biodegradation are explained. Also, new approaches in biodegradation, such as enzyme engineering, are introduced. Plastic polymers’ chemical and physical features such as molecular weight, molecular backbone’s atoms, chemical bonds, crystallinity, hydrophobicity, and additives presence are important factors in vulnerability to decomposing agents. Aging and weathering by abiotic factors including sunlight, heat,moisture, and oxygen decrease the microplastics’ surface hydrophobicity and facilitate microorganism attachments and biofilm formation. Microplastics, because of releasing toxic additives, metallic and organic toxic compounds’ adsorption on their surfaces, threaten organisms’lives. Microplastics’ harmful effects on marine organisms, especially the primary producers’ food chains such as microalgae, can directly or indirectly influence food web consumers such as fish, aquatic birds, and even humans. Antibiotic adsorption on microplastics and, therefore, enrichment of potentially pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer are other microplastics-related concerns. Following the biofilm formation, microorganisms’ activity and their secreted enzymes and agents deteriorate the microplastics and lead to molecular fragmentation and depolymerization. Assimilation and mineralization of the fragmented molecules are the last biodegradation steps that give rise to CO2, H2O, CH4, and biomass production. Some genus and species of fungi and bacteria and their powerful enzymes such as oxidoreductases and hydrolases are key players in bioremediation by microorganisms. Electron microscopy, spectroscopy techniques, weight loss measurements, mechanical properties, molar mass changes, CO2 evolution/O2 consumption, radiolabeling, clear-zone formation, enzymatic degradation, and controlled composting test are employed for biodegradation evaluation. Since more than 99% of prokaryotes and some eukaryotic microbes are unculturable, hence, to select plastic-decomposing microorganisms, culture independent methods, i.e., metagenomic analysis, are utilized. The metagenome analysis and in silico mining lead to a deeper investigation of the explored and unexplored nature to find efficient enzymes and microorganisms for microplastics’ bioremediation. Using microbial consortia and engineered microorganisms and their enzymes are other promising approaches for plastics bioremediation.
Keywords : Microplastics · Bioremediation · Biodegradation · Biodegradable plastics · Aquatic environment · Bacteria · Fungi · Antibiotic resistance · Enzyme engineering · In silico and metagenomics analysis
... In Table 2, some examples of these plastics are given. Synthetic polymers are created by three general reactions: polymerization, polyaddition, and polycondensation [90]. The main chain of addition polymers like polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride is only built from carbons. ...
... It is noteworthy that nonbiodegradability does not mean this kind does not degrade at all. But the breakdown rate of these plastics is prolonged [90]. ...
Separation and removal of microplastic pollution from aquatic environments as a global environmental issue is classified as one of the major concerns in both water and wastewater treatment plants. Microplastics as polymeric particles less than 5 mm in at least one dimension are found with different shapes, chemical compositions, and sizes in soil, water, and sediments. Conventional treatment methods for organic separation have shown high removal efficiency for microplastics, while the separation of small microplastic particles, mainly less than 100 µm, in wastewater treatment plants is particularly challenging. This review aims to review the principle and application of different physical and chemical methods for the separation and removal of microplastic particles from aquatic environments, especially in water treatments process, with emphasis on some alternative and emerging separation methods. Advantages and disadvantages of conventional separation techniques such as clarification, sedimentation, floatation, activated sludge, sieving, filtration, and density separation are discussed. The advanced separation methods can be integrated with conventional techniques or utilize as a separate step for separating small microplastic particles. These advanced microplastic separation methods include membrane bioreactor, magnetic separation, micromachines, and degradation-based methods such as electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, biodegradation, and thermal degradation.
... Here, we presented the synthesis of bioplastic, but, in fact, glycerin and its derivates are widely used as a raw material in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries [66]. Biodegradable plastics acquired visibility because they contribute to minimizing environmental complications due to the disposal of plastic waste [67]. ...
Alternative sources of fuel have been a concern in the last few decades. The growth of urbanization and industrialization will lead to the exhaustion of fossil fuels, attracting studies on alternative routes. The main aim of this study was to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) by methyl transesterification using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. For this, the physicochemical parameters of biodiesel were studied in triplicate (density, acidity, saponification, viscosity, corrosiveness to copper, visual appearance, and cloud point). An analysis by thin layer chromatography and infrared spectrometry was also performed. The increase in yield (83.3%) was directly proportional to the increase in the catalyst (0.22 g of NaOH). The infrared absorption spectra of WCO and biodiesel showed the presence of common and singular bands of each material. Furthermore, a simple and low-cost mechanism was proposed for purifying glycerol. The spectra of glycerol versus purified glycerin showed that the glycerin produced was pure, being used in the formulation of bioplastic. The product was checked for biodegradation and photodegradation, with incredible soil-degradation times of 180 days and photodegradation of only 60 days. In this way, biodiesel production from WCO showed environmentally friendly proposals and applicability. As the next steps, it is necessary to test the biodiesel produced in combustion engines and improve the bioplastic production, including a spectroscopic characterization and extensive biodegradation testing. Citation: Silva, C.A.d.; Santos, R.N.d.; Oliveira, G.G.; Ferreira, T.P.d.S.; Souza, N.L.G.D.d.; Soares, A.S.; Melo, J.F.d.; Colares, C.J.G.; Souza, U.J.B.d.; Araújo-Filho, R.N.d.; et al. Biodiesel and Bioplastic Production from Waste-Cooking-Oil
... Plus, PLA production does not require energy production like petroleumbased plastic does, PLA only needs about 50% and maximum energy requirement can reach 75% of the total energy that petroleum-based plastic used to consume [4]. [5] A study by Van et al. mentioned that the crystallinity level defines the flexibility of bioplastics. Rich in amylopectin brings the struggle in tensile strength resulting in crack and brittle occur [6]. ...
Nowadays, bioplastic is one the popular research in this world. The benefits of the bioplastic including ease of to degrade and the most important is the contribution in environmental aspect. It helps in reducing the effect of green house that relates with thinning of the ozone layer. Meanwhile in industry, bioplastic is produce extensively to fill the market demand. Currently, exist awareness among people about the use of bioplastic in daily life. In order to enhance the properties of bioplastic, radiation is use to see the difference. This paper review about the properties of irradiated bioplastic.KeywordsBioplasticPlasticIrradiatedProperties
