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Two scanned black and white images of unstained samples of root cuttings of T. plicata 'Atrovirens', used to measure root length and number of root tips by the Delta-T Scan procedure. The scanner resolution was 300 dpi and the threshold (brightness), 35.
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In this study we investigated the potential usefulness of different substrates produced from gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) for propagating cuttings of Thuja plicata ‘Atrovirens’. The gorse was composted by different methods, to produce four types of compost. These composts were then used as such (100% compost) or in mixes with coarse sand and pine bark...
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... of the cuttings. In highly branched root systems the primary roots were cut into shorter pieces to avoid overlapping of lateral roots. The root segments were spread on to a glass tray for flatbed scanning from below. The unstained roots were arranged as randomly as possible to achieve a uniform distribution of orienta- tions of roots segments (Fig. 1) ( Richner et al., 2000). Furthermore, in the longest root systems two samples were necessary to avoid overlapping of root pieces. Because the root sample was cut in segments, the number of tips counted by Delta-T Scan was overestimated, so the actual number of tips was estimated from the number of primary roots, and the number of ...
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Citations
... En el caso del pH, la norma establece que los valores deben oscilar entre el 4 y 9, la muestra de compost presentó valores de 6.2; el ideal está entre el 5.5 y 6.5. El pH del medio de cultivo controla las reacciones químicas que determinan si los nutrientes van a estar o no disponibles (solubles o insolubles) para su absorción; su uso como medio de germinación depende de las características de las especies a propagar (Iglesias-Díaz et al., 2009). En relación con los contenidos de materia orgánica, se encontró que a mayor materia orgánica menor es el pH. ...
... Esto se evidencia en que la muestra reaccionó dentro de los rangos tendientes a lo ideal, con valores de pH de 6, lo cual permite la disponibilidad de nutrientes en el sustrato para las plantas (Brito et al., 2015). En el caso de la materia orgánica, presentaron valores de 50.4 %; consecuente con resultados que superan el 50 % reportado por Iglesias-Díaz et al. (2009). La conductividad se encuentra ligada a la concentración de sales solubles en el sustrato, los valores al final del compostaje deben oscilar entre valores de 3.39 ± 0.73 a 5.23 ± 1.14 dS/m (Delgado et al., 2019) para que facilite el manejo de la fertilización. ...
... Cuadro 3. Resultados de germinación de tres especies nativas en diferentes substratos-tratamientos. Estos resultados favorecen la hipótesis de que el medio para el crecimiento de Verbesina crassiramea con compost afecta su crecimiento. Esto porque el compost para el sustrato se generó a partir de especies altamente lignificadas como el Ulex europaeus que inhibe o retrasa la descomposición de nutrientes y puede llegar a afectar el desarrollo radicular dependiendo de la susceptibilidades de algunas especies, a los niveles de nutrientes del retamo (Brito et al., 2013;Iglesias-Díaz et al., 2009). Para mitigar estas susceptibilidades a los niveles excesivos de nutrientes, se puede mezclar con otros sustratos y la afectación a las plantas disminuye (Brito et al., 2015). ...
(Introducción):
En el control y manejo de especies invasoras se producen altos volúmenes de material de desecho cuyo manejo y eliminación se convierte en un problema. El aprovechamiento de este material por medio de su compostaje como sustrato de germinación y propagación de especies nativas aportaría un uso a la cantidad de masa generada.
(Objetivo):
Validar el compost producido a partir de especies invasoras como sustrato para la propagación y crecimiento de especies nativas dentro del proceso de restauración ecológica en Bogotá Colombia.
(Metodología):
El compost utilizado se hizo a partir de cinco especies invasoras, principalmente de Ulex europaeus L. y Genista monspessulana (L.) L.A.S. Johnson con una maduración de 100 días. Se sembraron 50 semillas, de tres especies nativas en cinco tratamientos con diferentes proporciones de tierra negra y compost. Se evaluó la germinación, mortalidad, crecimiento epigeo e hipogeo y peso fresco y húmedo
(Resultados):
Verbesina crassiramea SF Blake presentó mayor germinación en el tratamiento con sustrato 100 % compost, seguido de 0 % compost, 75 %, 50 % y 25 % respectivamente. Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq., presenta un gradiente de germinación de 75 %, seguido de 50 %, 100 %, 0 % y 25 %. Duranta mutisii L.f. tiene un gradiente de germinación inverso. El sustrato con 25 % de compost mostró baja germinación y mayor mortalidad de Dodonaea viscosa y Verbesina crassiramea. Dodonaea viscosa se desarrolló mejor en el sustrato con 75 % de compost, con mayor germinación, crecimiento de raíces, desarrollo aéreo y biomasa generada.
(Conclusiones):
El compost, a partir de especies invasoras puede ser usado como sustrato para la propagación de especies nativas en etapas tempranas. No se evidenció la expresión de las especies invasoras, siendo una alternativa para disminuir la demanda de tierra negra.
... This lower microbial biomass may also affect the microbiome and its functions in the growing medium. On the other hand, highly degradable materials may have a high O 2 consumption or N immobilization (Vandecasteele et al., 2016), and may thus result in oxygen and/or N shortage in the root zone (Brinton, 2001;Iglesias-Díaz et al., 2009), thus reducing their value in growing media. Stabilization may also affect other microbially mediated processes besides CO 2 mineralization (e.g., N mineralization). ...
... This lower microbial biomass may also affect the microbiome and its functions in the growing medium. On the other hand, highly degradable materials may have a high O 2 consumption or N immobilization (Vandecasteele et al., 2016), and may thus result in oxygen and/or N shortage in the root zone (Brinton, 2001;Iglesias-Díaz et al., 2009), thus reducing their value in growing media. Stabilization may also affect other microbially mediated processes besides CO 2 mineralization (e.g., N mineralization). ...
Previous research has demonstrated that composts (COM) and woody residues from nature management (MR) are potential peat replacers for growing media, but their compositions are highly variable. Our goal is to make growing media more sustainable by optimizing the selection of local and sustainable alternatives for peat. Different batches of COM and MR were incubated to assess the microbial activity based on (1) the N drawdown risk, (2) the C mineralization and (3) the inoculation efficiency of a commercially available biocontrol fungus. The various batches were characterized based on biochemical, chemical (pH, available and total nutrients) and microbiological biomass analysis. COM and MR were scored based on chemical or stability characteristics to assess their suitability to replace peat, lime and fertilizers in growing media. This score allowed for a clear differentiation between the materials; MR received higher scores on average than COM. Five composts were further tested for the effect of storage after blending with an acidic MR, acidification with elemental S, or removal of the finer fraction. One batch of chopped soft rush was acidified with elemental S. Blending and acidification were the most effective treatments as they resulted in a clear increase of the suitability score.
... In the same manner, MDFS has been taken into consideration as a co-composting substrate [4]. On the other hand, the experience in the composting of scrubland biomass is focussed mainly on gorse [6,7], and more recently on the Scotch broom by vermicomposting [8]. ...
... This could be due to a significant value of the free air space (FAS) directly correlated to the bulk density (BD) of soil materials. Shredding is a common mechanical technique to modify the BD and FAS rates [6], but in practice its use is conditionated by the availability of resources. The adittion of MDFS resulted in a reduction of the FAS during the bio-oxidative process [4], suggesting that lower rates could improve composting. ...
... Maintaining this temperature for such a long period could be due to the self-insulating properties of the composting materials which confered certain thermal inertia to the pile. A similar behaviour was reported for gorse composting in steel tanks [6]. ...
Co-composting of forest-derived wastes (chestnut forest burr, CST; scrubland biomass, SRB; industrial sludge, MDFS, from the Medium Density Fibreboard production process) watered with pig manure (PM) may constitute a feasible management technique for both solid and liquid streams. PM provided water and improved the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Four piles of 1.8-2.4 m³ were conformed: A (SRB, with compaction bulk density), B (SRB, without compaction), C (SRB and MDFS at a volumetric ratio of 3:1) and D (CST). Thermophilic temperatures were maintained for 8 (B), 16 (A), 28 (C) and 40 (D) days. Stable compost was obtained after 35 (A, B, C) and 48 (D) days. Hygienization was only complete in piles C and D. N losses were higher in piles A (39.3%) and B (33.6%) in relation to C (17.0%) and D (8.9%) which could be attributed to the characteristics of MDFS and CST. Increasing the matrix size from 340 L to around 2000 L led to a higher intensity of the thermophilic phase. Besides, compaction significantly increased temperature during composting. PM was added at ratios ranging from 1.8 to 2.5 L/kg dry matter, being favoured by pre-drying of solid wastes.
... This makes using mature, stable compost to test suppressiveness against major pathogens such as F. circinatum essential. Compost from gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) is a stable material with good physical and chemical properties that make it an effective substitute for peat (Gómez et al., 2009;Iglesias-Diaz et al., 2009). Furthermore, harvesting gorse bush material is essential to prevent forest fires (Badia et al., 2002). ...
Fusarium circinatum is a quarantine pathogen in numerous countries that causes important economic losses in forest nurseries and mature pine trees. Alternatives to chemical control of plant diseases such as suppressive composts and the use of biological control agents in growth media can reduce the incidence and spread of disease. In this work, four gorse composts obtained from forest cleaning green wastes and reference compost prepared from the organic fraction of solid urban waste were studied as environmentally sustainable peat substitutes. Their ability to suppress the effects of mating types M1 and M2 of the pathogen F. circinatum on Pinus radiata was evaluated in the presence or absence of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma asperellum strain T34. One of the gorse composts was more suppressive than the reference compost (15% and 55% of disease incidence, respectively). The former had a low EC, moderate amounts of P, Ca, Mg and K, and high levels of NH4+, as well as moderate levels of Ca, B and oligotrophic actinomycetes, the highest levels of total fungi, moderate levels of Trichoderma spp. and the lowest levels of Fusarium spp. Adding T34 to the moderately suppressive and non-suppressive composts decreased pre- and post-emergence incidence of the disease by up to 50%.
... El porcentaje de MO resultó mayor (Tukey p≤0,05) en el tratamiento con solo U. europaeus (T1) que en la mezcla U. europaeus + estiércol con y sin AC, T4 y T2, respectivamente, superándolos en un 85% en promedio. Estos valores son concordantes con lo reportado por Iglesias et al. (2009) y Brito et al. (2010 en compost de la misma especie. Este parámetro cumple con lo establecido por la NCh 2880 (2004), al reportar valores superiores al 20%; al respecto, Zhao et al. (2012) afirman que se obtienen mayores contenidos de MO cuando las fracciones presentan diámetros superiores a 0,4 mm, que es el caso de la fracción analizada en este estudio (menor a 16 mm). ...
... La DAP presentó diferencias para el factor mezcla en ausencia de AC, resultando estadísticamente menor (p≤0,05) en el caso del tratamiento U. europaeus + estiércol. Los valores observados se encuentran por debajo de los determinados por otros autores como Iglesias et al. (2009) que reportan cifras de 180 kg/ m 3 . Una de las explicaciones puede estar asociada a la arquitectura del U. europaeus, considerando que la trituración del material original arrojó partículas de aproximadamente 3 a 3,5 cm de longitud, lo que junto a las espinas generan en la pila un tejido con alto porcentaje de macroporos. ...
... Lo anterior implica restricciones como su uso para hortalizas, ya que la CE no debe ser superior a 2 mS/cm con el fin de producir un buen crecimiento (Saebø y Ferrini, 2006); de lo contrario, pueden ser considerados perjudiciales para las plantas (Kuba et al., 2008). Al respecto, Iglesias et al. (2009), señalan que los niveles de CE son limitantes para su uso en procesos de enraizamiento. No se presentaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, U. europaeus + estiércol con y sin AC pero mostraron los mayores valores, lo que Irshad et al. (2013) atribuyen a la liberación de sales del estiércol. ...
The objective of this study was to characterize compost from Ulex europaeus L. and contrast its physical and chemical characteristics with the compost Chilean Standard (NCh 2880). The trial was set up at the Pillanlelbun Experimental Centre, Chile, from December 2010 to April 2011. The test corresponded to a 2´2 factorial design in which the factors were: mixture and the composting accelerator (AC), both at two levels. The four treatments were: T1 U. europaeus (100%) without AC, T2 U. europaeus (78%) + bovine manure (22%) without AC, T3 U. europaeus (100%) with AC and T4 U. europaeus (78%) + bovine manure (22%) with AC. The organic matter content (OM%), total C (%), C:N ratio, total N (%), moisture (Hº%), particle size (TP%), toxicity (% germination of Raphanus sativus L.), pH, bulk density (DAP kg/m3), electrical conductivity (EC ds/m) and weed germination (N° of propagules) was evaluated. The main results indicate that T1 and T3 had higher %OM, total %N and C:N ratio than T2 and T4, simultaneously. T1 had a lower %C and T2 a lower pH compared to all other treatments. Other variables evaluated were not significantly different. All variables meet the NCh 2880, except toxicity in the treatment with U. europaeus without AC, and EC in all treatments. Research should be aimed at reducing the EC, in order to be eligible for certification by the NCh 2880.
... El porcentaje de MO resultó mayor (Tukey p≤0,05) en el tratamiento con solo U. europaeus (T1) que en la mezcla U. europaeus + estiércol con y sin AC, T4 y T2, respectivamente, superándolos en un 85% en promedio. Estos valores son concordantes con lo reportado por Iglesias et al. (2009) y Brito et al. (2010 en compost de la misma especie. Este parámetro cumple con lo establecido por la NCh 2880 (2004), al reportar valores superiores al 20%; al respecto, Zhao et al. (2012) afirman que se obtienen mayores contenidos de MO cuando las fracciones presentan diámetros superiores a 0,4 mm, que es el caso de la fracción analizada en este estudio (menor a 16 mm). ...
... La DAP presentó diferencias para el factor mezcla en ausencia de AC, resultando estadísticamente menor (p≤0,05) en el caso del tratamiento U. europaeus + estiércol. Los valores observados se encuentran por debajo de los determinados por otros autores como Iglesias et al. (2009) que reportan cifras de 180 kg/ m 3 . Una de las explicaciones puede estar asociada a la arquitectura del U. europaeus, considerando que la trituración del material original arrojó partículas de aproximadamente 3 a 3,5 cm de longitud, lo que junto a las espinas generan en la pila un tejido con alto porcentaje de macroporos. ...
... Lo anterior implica restricciones como su uso para hortalizas, ya que la CE no debe ser superior a 2 mS/cm con el fin de producir un buen crecimiento (Saebø y Ferrini, 2006); de lo contrario, pueden ser considerados perjudiciales para las plantas (Kuba et al., 2008). Al respecto, Iglesias et al. (2009), señalan que los niveles de CE son limitantes para su uso en procesos de enraizamiento. No se presentaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, U. europaeus + estiércol con y sin AC pero mostraron los mayores valores, lo que Irshad et al. (2013) atribuyen a la liberación de sales del estiércol. ...
Caracterización de compost a base de espinillo en relación a la Norma Chilena No2880. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el compost a base de espinillo (Ulex europaeus L.) y contrastar sus características físico-químicas con las de la Norma Chilena de compost (NCh 2880). El ensayo se montó en el Centro Experimental Pillanlelbún, Temuco, Chile, entre diciembre 2010 y abril de 2011. Se empleó un diseño factorial de 2×2, los factores fueron: mezcla y acelerador de compostaje (AC), ambos en dos niveles. Cuatro tratamientos: T1 U. europaeus (100%) sin AC, T2 U. europaeus (78%) + estiércol de bovino (22%) sin AC, T3 U. europaeus (100%) con AC y T4 U. europaeus (78%) + estiércol de bovino (22%) con AC. Se evaluó el contenido de materia orgánica (MO%), C orgánico total (%), relación C:N, N total (%), humedad (Ho%), tamaño partículas (TP%), toxicidad (% germinación de Raphanus sativus L.), pH, densidad aparente (DAP kg/m3), conductividad eléctrica (CE dS/m) y germinación de malezas (No de propágulos). Los tratamientos U. europaeus (100%) sin AC y con AC presentaron mayor %MO, %N total y relación C:N que T2 y T4. A la vez, U. europaeus (100%) sin AC, presentó un menor %C y T2 menor pH en comparación al resto de los tratamientos. Las demás variables evaluadas no presentaron diferencias significativas. Todas cumplieron con la NCh 2880, excepto toxicidad en el tratamiento con solo U. europaeus, y la CE en todos los tratamientos. Se debe reducir la CE para poder optar a su certificación por la NCh 2880.
... are similar to peat, making them suitable as peat substitutes for growing media preparation (Atiyeh et al., 2000;Arancon et al., 2008;Bachman & Metzger, 2008). Nevertheless, though compost has been used as media constituent for cutting propagation (Guérin et al., 2001;Iglesias-Díaz et al., 2009;Li et al., 2009) vermicompost has not been yet used for this purpose. ...
... Nevertheless, high EC seems to Compost and vermicompost for rooting cuttings 525 *** *** *** *** *** ns *** *** *** *** *** *** be the only responsible for the reduction in rooting percentage observed in the compost-based substrates as suggested by the strong correlation between EC or the main ions contributing to EC, and rooting ( Fig. 1) and by the lack of correlation between pH and rooting (data not shown) for the two species studied. Similar results were found by Iglesias-Díaz et al. (2009) in relation to the use of gorse composts as rooting media for the propagation of Thuja plicata. From the regression curves (Fig. 1) it seems that E. japonicus and L. angustifolia were relatively tolerant to salinity since the EC value from which growth started to decline was 100 mS m -1 . ...
The feasibility of composted (C), composted plus vermicomposted (V1) and straight vermicomposted (V2) tomato crop waste as component of rooting media for Euonymus japonicus 'Microphylla' and Lavandula angustifolia vegetative propagation was studied. Mixes of C, V1 and V2 with coir fibre (CF) at the proportions 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100 (v:v) were assayed. Physical, physico-chemical and nutritional characteristics of all materials and mixes were determined and correlated with cutting rooting and growth performances. The compost and the two vermicomposts were markedly different from CF. They had higher bulk density and lower total porosity than CF. Compost had lower water-holding capacity and shrinkage in response to drying than vermicomposts and CF. Compost and vermicomposts were alkaline materials whilst CF was almost neutral. Electrical conductivity (EC) was low in CF and vermicomposts, and high in compost due to the high mineral contents, mainly of K+, SO42- and Na+ in this material. EC and the ions contributing to it (K+, SO42, Na+) showed highly significative inverse correlations with rooting percentage for the two species and with root and shoot growth but only for E. japonicus. Due to its high EC, compost C (average rooting = 22.5%) performed worse than vermicomposts V1 (av. rooting = 97%) and V2 (av. rooting = 98%) whilst the latter performed similarly to CF control (av. rooting = 100%). Thus vermicomposts appeared to be more appropriate than compost as rooting media constituent.
... Large surface area of peat could enhance retention of nutrients and also be beneficial for microbial enrichment [38]. Peat could also affect plant growth indirectly through effects on soil microflora which could also occur on anaerobic microorganisms [39]. However, too much peat was adverse to biogas production which should attribute to the inhibition of high concentration of humus [40]. ...
... However, too much peat was adverse to biogas production which should attribute to the inhibition of high concentration of humus [40]. Mshandete et al. [39] reported that fish waste mixed with sisal pulp enhanced the methane yield by 59-94% compared with the methane yields for the pure sisal pulp and fish waste. Furthermore, Parawira et al. [19] reported an enhancement of 31-62% in the methane yield with co-digestion of potato waste and sugar beet leaves. ...
The influence of peat addition during anaerobic mesophilic digestion of rice straw was studied in this work. The work was performed in batch reactors of 1000 mL capacity, during a period of 49 days. Batch mono-digestion experiments were performed at 35±1 °C and the initial total solid loading (TSL) ranged from 1.2% to 8.0%. Batch codigestion experiments were performed at 35+1 0C and the initial TSL of 8% with peat proportions ranged from 25% to 85% of total solid (TS). For mono-digestion of rice straw, a maximum methane yield of 231.77 mL/g TSadded was obtained at initial TSL of 3.6%, and acidification was found at initial TSL of 8.0% with the lowest pH value of 5.24 on day 3. There was nearly no biogas produced by peat digested alone. Co-digestion improved the methane yields and the biogas production rate by 5.19%-13.29% and via improving methanegenic activity and enhancing hydrolysis rate compared with mono-digestion of rice straw. With peat addition, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentration, total alkalinity (TA) and pH value decreased. The maximum biogas yield of 385.75 mL/g TSadded and methane yield of 248.58 mL/g TSadded were obtained for 40% peat addition and 60% rice straw. However, over peat addition was adverse to the anaerobic process with 6.24%-19.86% biogas yield reduction. It was concluded that proper peat addition is beneficial for improving biodigestibility and methane yield from anaerobic digestion of rice straw.
The demand for peat-free organic growing media has increased and green compost provide an attractive option within a circular economy. To take advantage of the inherent nutrient content, the nutrient dynamics need to be carefully considered when evaluating the agronomic potential of compost for organic production. In this study, the use of compost made from gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) was evaluated as a substrate for organic production of strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch ‘Selva’), focusing particularly on the availability of nutrients. Two gorse composts were used, gorse composted with poultry manure (5% v/v) (PM100) and gorse composted on its own without manure (PM0). The composts were assessed in their original form and in formulations containing different proportions of each. A fertilised standard peat-based substrate was used as control. Both PM0 and PM100 exhibited acceptable physical properties and contained high concentrations of major nutrients (particularly PM100). The nutrient concentrations in the solutions from the different formulations decreased gradually during the growth of the crop, particularly N and K. Concentrations of N and chlorophyll levels were lower in plants grown in gorse compost formulations than in those grown in the control. There were, however, no substantial differences in fruit size or overall yield. The above-ground biomass in the compost-grown plants increased with increased proportions of PM100, but it was greater in the control plants. The gorse composts were recommended as effective peat substitutes for strawberry cultivation, although supplementary fertiliser should be applied at fruit production stage to ensure optimal production.
